Bal keshav thackeray biography

Bal Thackeray

Indian cartoonist and politician (1926-2012)

Hindū Hṛdaya Samrāṭa

Bal Thackeray

Thackeray in 2012

In office
19 June 1966 – 17 November 2012
Preceded byposition created
Succeeded byUddhav Thackeray
In office
23 Jan 1988 – 20 June 2006
Preceded byoffice established
Succeeded byUddhav Thackeray
In office
13 Grand 1960 – 17 November 2012
Preceded byoffice established
Succeeded byUddhav Thackeray
Born

Bal Keshav Thackeray


(1926-01-23)23 Jan 1926
Poona, Bombay Presidency, British Bharat (present-day Pune, Maharashtra, India)
Died17 Nov 2012(2012-11-17) (aged 86)
Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Political partyShiv Sena
Other political
affiliations		National Democratic Alliance(from 1998)
Spouse

Sarla Vaidya[a]

​

​

(m. 1948; died 1995)​
[1]
Children3, including Uddhav Thackeray[2]
Parents
RelativesAaditya Writer (grandson)
Raj Thackeray (nephew)
Thackeray Family
Residence(s)Matoshree Bunglow, Bandra, Mumbai
Occupation
Known forMarathi regionalism
Hindutva
Nicknames
  • Balasaheb
  • Hindu Hriday Samrat
  • Shiv Sena Pramukh

Bal Keshav Thackeray (Marathi pronunciation:[baːɭ̆keːʃəʋʈʰaːk(ə)ɾeː]; 23 January 1926 – 17 November 2012), besides known as Balasaheb Thackeray, was an Indian cartoonist and lawmaker who founded the original Shiv Sena, a right-wing pro-Marathi jaunt Hindu nationalist party active especially in the state of Maharashtra.[3]

Thackeray began his professional career translation a cartoonist with the English-language daily, The Free Press Journal in Bombay, but he omitted the paper in 1960 promote to form his own political tabloid, Marmik.[4] His political philosophy was largely shaped by his ecclesiastic Keshav Sitaram Thackeray, a prime figure in the Samyukta Maharashtra (United Maharashtra) movement, which advocated the creation of a disjoin linguistic state for Marathi speakers.

Through Marmik, Bal Thackeray campaigned against the growing influence pressure non-Marathis in Mumbai.[4]

He had straighten up large political influence in rendering state, especially in Mumbai.[5]

In justness late 1960s and early Decade, Thackeray built the Shiv Sena with help of Madhav Mehere, Chief Attorney for Trade Conjoining of India, Babasaheb Purandare, biographer for Govt of Maharashtra explode Madhav Deshpande, Head Accountant manner Shiv Sena.

These three settle to a large extent were responsible for the success sustenance Shiv Sena and stability hostilities politics in Mumbai till 2000 to ensure it grows be received an economic power center.[6] Author was also the founder look after the Marathi-language newspaper Saamana.[7] Make sure of the riots of 1992–93, significant and his party took fastidious Hindutva stance.

In 1999, Author was banned from voting survive contesting in any election on the way to six years on the recommendations of the Election Commission suggest indulging in seeking votes slope the name of religion. Writer was arrested multiple times highest spent a brief stint attach prison, but he never lie any major legal repercussions.[8] Understand his death, he was accorded a state funeral, at which many mourners were present.[9][10] Writer did not held any well-founded positions, and he was not in any degree formally elected as the emperor of his party.[5]

Early life

Main article: Thackeray family

Thackeray was born prejudice 23 January 1926 in Pune, the son of Prabodhankar Writer and his wife Ramabai Thackeray.[6] The family belongs to blue blood the gentry MarathiHinduChandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu community.[11][12] Culminate father Keshav was an fan of India-born British writer William Makepeace Thackeray, and changed cap own surname from Panvelkar rescind "Thackeray" an Anglicised version wait their ancestral surname "Thakre".[13]

Bal's papa was a journalist and cartoonist by profession; he was too a social activist and top-notch writer who was involved deduce a Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti, which advocated the creation of dialect trig separate linguistic state for Sanskrit speakers.[14] He also started straight magazine named Prabodhan, where grace promoted Hindu philosophies and flag-waving ideals to revive Hindutva get the picture society.

This proved to bait highly influential in shaping Bal Thackeray's political views.[15]

Bal was justness eldest of eight siblings, look into brothers Shrikant Thackeray (father line of attack Raj Thackeray) and Ramesh Author, and five sisters (Sanjeevani Karandikar,[16] Prabhavati (Pama) Tipnis, Malati (Sudha) Sule, Sarla Gadkari and Susheela Gupte).

Raj broke away superior Shiv Sena to form diadem own political party called honourableness Maharashtra Navnirman Sena.[17] Despite Raj's breakaway from the main entity, he continues to maintain become absent-minded Thackeray was his ideologue bear relations between them improved away Thackeray's final years.[5][18]

Cartoonist career

Thackeray began his career as a cartoonist in the Free Press Gazette in Mumbai.

His cartoons were also published in the Solid edition of The Times execute India. After Thackeray's differences parley the Free Press Journal, flair and four or five supporters, including politician George Fernandes, evaluate the paper and started their own daily, News Day. Prestige paper survived for one boss about two months.[19] In 1960, inaccuracy launched the cartoon weekly Marmik with his brother Srikant.[20] Banish focused on issues of commonplace "Marathi Manoos" (Marathi, or Marathi-speaking, people) including unemployment, immigration trip the retrenchment of Marathi organization.

Its office in Ranade Plan became the rallying point on behalf of Marathi youth.[21] Bal Thackeray adjacent stated that it was "not just a cartoon weekly nevertheless also the prime reason provision the birth and growth systematic the Sena". It was description issue of Marmik on 5 June 1966 which first declared the launch of membership replace the Shiv Sena.[22][23]

Thackeray drew cartoons for the Free Press Journal, the Times of India see Marmik besides contributing to Saamna till 2012.

He cited magnanimity New Zealander cartoonist David Support as his inspiration.[5]

Politics

Further information: Shiv Sena

1966–1998

The success of Marmik prompted Thackeray to form the Shiv Sena on 19 June 1966. The name Shiv Sena (Shivaji's Army) is a reference uncovered the 17th century Maratha EmperorShivaji.

Initially, Thackeray said it was not a political party on the contrary an army of Shivaji Maharaj, inclined to fight for dignity Marathi maanus (person).[24] It mandatory that native speakers of grandeur state's local language Marathi (the "sons of the soil" movement) be given preferential treatment drop private and public sector jobs.

The early objective of probity Shiv Sena was to promise their job security competing refuse to comply South Indians and Gujaratis.[20] Temporary secretary its 1966 party manifesto, Author primarily blamed south Indians.[25] Play in Marmik, Thackeray published a listing of corporate officials from unembellished local directory, many being southeast Indians, citing it as acquittal that Maharashtrians were being discriminated against.[24]

His party grew in position next ten years.

Senior stupendous such as Babasaheb Purandare, big attorney for Trade Union get ahead Maharashtra Madhav Mehere joined goodness party and chartered accountant Madhav Gajanan Deshpande backed various aspects of the party operations. Dependably 1969, Thackeray and Manohar Joshi were jailed after participating amount a protest demanding the amalgamation of Karwar, Belgaum and Nipani regions in Maharashtra.[26] During depiction 1970s, it did not qualify in the local elections trip it was active mainly instruct in Mumbai, compared to the detain of the state.

The crowd set up local branch patronage and settled disputes, complaints accept the government.[10] It later afoot violent tactics with attacks realize rival parties, migrants and influence media; the party agitated moisten destroying public and private property.[5][27] Thackeray publicly supported Indira Solon during the 1975 Emergency; Author supported the Congress party profuse times.[20]

Dr.

Hemchandra Gupte, Mayor castigate Mumbai and the former brotherhood physician and confidant of Writer, left Shiv Sena in 1976 citing the emphasis given jab money, violence committed by blue blood the gentry Shiv Sena members, and Thackeray's support for Indira Gandhi accept the 1975 emergency.[28]

Politically, the Shiv Sena was anti-communist, and wrested control of trade unions pretend Mumbai from the Communist Regulation of India (CPI).

Local out of a job youth from the declining material industry joined the party[27] highest it further expanded because bring in Maharashtrians from the Konkan region.[20] By the 1980s, it became a threat to the vow Congress party which had in the early stages encouraged it because of people rivalling the CPI.

In 1989, the Sena's newspaper Saamna was launched by Thackeray.[29] Because accomplish Thackeray being against the Mandal Commission report, his close ally Chhagan Bhujbal left the social gathering in 1991. Following the 1992 Bombay riots, Thackeray took state of affairs viewed as anti-Muslim and homeproduced on Hindutva.[5] Shiv Sena afterward allied itself with the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP).

The BJP-Shiv Sena alliance won the 1995 Maharashtra State Assembly elections current were in power from 1995 to 1999. Thackeray declared bodily to be the "remote control" chief minister.[5][30]

Thackeray and the Supervisor Minister Manohar Joshi were correctly named for inciting the Shivsainiks for violence against Muslims through the 1992–1993 riots in mainly inquiry ordered by the command of India, the Srikrishna Credential Report.[31][32]

Thackeray had influence in leadership film industry.

His party teachers agitated against films he throw controversial and would disrupt pelt screenings, causing losses. Bombay, smashing 1995 film on the riots, was opposed by them.[20]

1999–2012

On 28 July 1999, Thackeray was illegitimate from voting and contesting stop in mid-sentence any election for six lifetime from 11 December 1999 interlude 10 December 2005 on depiction recommendations of the Election Authorization for indulging in corrupt manipulate by seeking votes in depiction name of religion.[33][34] In 2000, he was arrested for fillet role in the riots however was released because the woolly of limitations expired.[8] In 2002, Thackeray issued a call shut form Hindu suicide bomber squads to take on the omen of terrorism.[35] In response, representation Maharashtra government registered a attachй case against him for inciting fighting between different groups.[36] At smallest amount two organisations founded and managed by retired Indian Army teachers, Lt Col Jayant Rao Chitale and Lt Gen.

P.N. Hoon (former commander-in-chief of the Flatter Command), responded to the run with such statements as fret allowing Pakistanis to work suspend India due to accusations be drawn against Pakistan for supporting attacks flash India by militants.[37][38] After justness six-year voting ban on Author was lifted in 2005, unquestionable voted for the first repulse in the 2007 BMC elections.[39] Eight or nine cases overwhelm Thackeray and Saamna for passionate writings were not investigated indifferent to the government.[20]

Thackeray said that justness Shiv Sena had helped honesty Marathi people in Mumbai, chiefly in the public sector.[40] Author believed that Hindus must substance organised to struggle against those who oppose their identity captivated religion.[41] Opposition leftist parties avowed that the Shiv Sena has done little to solve rank problem of unemployment facing uncomplicated large proportion of Maharashtrian early life during its tenure, in falsehood to its ideological foundation commuter boat 'sons of the soil.'[42]

In 2006, Thackeray's nephew Raj Thackeray impecunious away from Shiv Sena squalid form the Maharashtra Navnirman Sena (MNS) during Thackeray's retirement sports ground appointment of his son, Uddhav rather than Raj as description leader of Shiv Sena.

Narayan Rane also quit around prowl time.[18]

The Sena acted as clean up "moral police" and opposed Valentine's Day celebrations.[20] On 14 Feb 2006, Thackeray condemned and apologised for the violent attacks coarse its Shiv Sainiks on clean up private celebration in Mumbai.

"It is said that women were beaten up in the Nallasopara incident. If that really exemplar, then it is a representation of cowardice. I have each time instructed Shiv Sainiks that kick up a rumpus any situation women should party be humiliated and harassed."[43] Writer and the Shiv Sena remained opposed to it, although they indicated support for an Soldier alternative.[44][45]

In 2007, he was for a little while arrested and let out ceremony bail after referring to Muslims as 'Green Poison' during pure Shiv Sena rally.[8]

On 27 Go by shanks`s pony 2008, in protest to Thackeray's editorial, leaders of Shiv Sena in Delhi resigned, citing secure outrageous conduct towards non-Marathis select by ballot Maharashtra and announced that they would form a separate party.[46] Addressing a press conference, Shiv Sena's North India chief Jai Bhagwan Goyal said the verdict to leave the party was taken because of the average attitude of the party towering absurd command towards Maharashtrians.

Goyal newborn said that Shiv Sena admiration no different from Khalistan vital Jammu and Kashmir militant accumulations which are trying to draw up plans a rift between people school assembly regional lines. The main direct towards of these forces is with respect to split our country. Like nobility Maharashtra Navnirman Sena, the Shiv Sena too has demeaned Northbound Indians and treated them inhumanely.[46][47]

Views

Thackeray declared that he was crowd against every Muslim, but matchless those who reside in that country but do not comply with the laws of the domain, considering such people to adjust traitors.[48] The Shiv Sena shambles viewed by the media hoot being Islamophobic, though Shiv Sena members officially reject this accusation.[49] When explaining his views polish Hindutva, he equated Islam clang violence and called on Hindus to fight terrorism and challenge Islam.[50] In an interview keep an eye on Suketu Mehta, he called back the mass expulsion of prohibited Bangladeshi Muslim migrants from Bharat and for a visa arrangement to enter Mumbai, the Soldier National Congress state government difficult to understand earlier during the Indira Solon declared national emergency considered tidy similar measure.[51][52]

He told India Today "[Muslims] are spreading like simple cancer and should be operated on like a cancer.

Glory be saved from the Muslims and the police should stickup them [Hindu Maha Sangh] sully their struggle just like class police in Punjab were appealing to the Khalistanis."[53] However, case an interview in 1998, recognized said that his stance esoteric changed on many issues lapse the Shiv Sena had peer Muslims, particularly regarding the Babri Mosque or Ram Janmabhoomi issue:[54] "We must look after birth Muslims and treat them rightfully part of us."[54] He as well expressed admiration for Muslims principal Mumbai in the wake staff the 11 July 2006 Bombay train bombings perpetrated by Islamic fundamentalists.

In response to threats made by Abu Azmi, top-notch leader of the Samajwadi Component, that accusations of terrorism sure at Indian Muslims would bear about communal strife, Thackeray blunt that the unity of Mumbaikars (residents of Mumbai) in probity wake of the attacks was a slap to fanatics announcement Samajwadi Party leader Abu Asim Azmi and that Thackeray salute[s] those Muslims who participated acquit yourself the two minutes' silence have a hold over 18 July to mourn rank blast victims.[55] Again in 2008 he wrote: "Islamic terrorism research paper growing and Hindu terrorism critique the only way to bar it.

We need suicide bombshell squads to protect India additional Hindus."[56] He also reiterated on the rocks desire for Hindus to secure across linguistic barriers to inspect a Hindustan for Hindus tell off to bring Islam in that country down to its knees.[57]

Thackeray was criticised for his praise[58][59] of Adolf Hitler.[5] He was quoted by Asiaweek as saying: "I am a great flame of Hitler, and I elite not ashamed to say so!

I do not say dump I agree with all integrity methods he employed, but agreed was a wonderful organiser become more intense orator, and I feel cruise he and I have not too things in India really essentials is a dictator who discretion rule benevolently, but with breath iron hand."[60] In a 1993 interview, Thackeray stated, "There laboratory analysis nothing wrong if Muslims evacuate treated as Jews were elation Nazi Germany." In another 1992 interview, Thackeray stated, "If prickly take Mein Kampf and on the assumption that you remove the word 'Jew' and put in the term 'Muslim', that is what Raving believe in".[61]Indian Express published evocation interview on 29 January 2007: "Hitler did very cruel accept ugly things.

But he was an artist, I love him [for that]. He had significance power to carry the all-inclusive nation, the mob with him. You have to think what magic he had. He was a killing of Jews was wrong.

Biography of aishwarya rai bachchan weight

But nobleness good part about Hitler was that he was an head. He was a daredevil. Without fear had good qualities and pressing. I may also have fair to middling qualities and bad ones."[62][63] Writer also praised Nathuram Godse, justness assassin of Mahatma Gandhi.[64]

In 2008, following agitation against Biharis beam other north Indians travelling be familiar with Maharashtra to take civil come together examinations for the Indian Railways due to an overlimit not later than the quota in their residence provinces, Thackeray also said have a high regard for Bihari MPs that they were spitting in the same layer from which they ate during the time that they criticised Mumbaikars and Maharashtrians.

He wrote: "They are demanding to add fuel to rank fire that has been defunct, by saying that Mumbaikars have to one`s name rotten brains." He also criticised Chhath Puja, a holiday renowned by Biharis and those take from eastern Uttar Pradesh, which occurs on six days of honourableness Hindu month of Kartik. Lighten up said that it was scream a real holiday.[65] This was reportedly a response to Trough from Bihar who had disrupted the proceedings of the Lok Sabha in protest to glory attacks on North Indians.[65] State Chief Minister Nitish Kumar, experience with the remarks, called belt the prime minister and birth central government to intervene intensity the matter.

A Saamna leader prompted at least 16 Fed up from Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, belonging to the Rashtriya Janata Dal, Janata Dal (United), Samajwadi Party and the Indian Official Congress, to give notice go all-out for breach of privilege proceedings antagonistic Thackeray.[65] After the matter was raised in the Lok Sabha, SpeakerSomnath Chatterjee said: "If a given has made any comment curtail our members' functioning in glory conduct of business in honesty House, not only do phenomenon treat that with the disdain that it deserves, but likewise any action that may last necessary will be taken according to procedure and well planted norms.

Nobody will be spared.'"[65]

In 2009, he criticised Indian cricketer Sachin Tendulkar, a "Marathi icon", for saying he was spruce up Indian before he was unadulterated Maharashtrian.[8]

Opposition to Caste Based Reservations

Thackeray firmly opposed caste based hesitation and said, "There are inimitable two castes in the universe, the rich are rich opinion the poor is poor, put a label on the poor rich but don't make the rich poor.

Also these two castes I don't believe in any other casteism."

The Bhartiya Janata Party (BJP) supported caste-based reservations based destroy the Mandal commission. Thackarey, in the face being warned that opposition take advantage of the reservations would be politically suicidal for the Shiv Sena party, opposed the BJP change direction this issue and said fair enough would initiate proceedings against grandeur BJP if the BJP substantiated caste-based reservations.

This also loaded to his conflict with Chhagan Bhujbal, an OBC, who after left the Shiv Sena.[66][67]

Views top choice Savarkar

Thackeray defended Savarkar against analysis and praised him as tidy great leader. In 2002, while in the manner tha PresidentA. P. J. Abdul Kalam unveiled a portrait of Savarkar in the presence of Core MinisterAtal Bihari Vajpayee, the Coition Party opposed the unveiling lady the portrait and boycotted integrity function.

Thackeray criticised the resistance and said, "Who is [Congress president and Leader of nobility Opposition] Sonia Gandhi to tool to the portrait? What link does she have with nobleness country? How much does she know about the history playing field culture of India?". Years following, when Congress General Secretary Digvijaya Singh made a statement think it over Savarkar was allegedly the cheeriness one to suggest the two-nation theory that led to prestige partition, Thackeray rejected the observer of Singh.[68][69]

Support for Kashmiri Pandits

In 1990, Bal Thackeray got accommodation reserved in engineering colleges oblige the children of Kashmiri Pandits in Maharashtra.[70] At a climax with them he supported position idea that Kashmiri Pandits could be armed for their self-protection against Jihadis.[71][72][73]

Personal life

Thackeray was hitched to Meena Thackeray (née Sarla Vaidya) on 13 June 1948[1] and had three sons, before all son Bindumadhav, middle son Jaidev, and youngest son Uddhav.[74] Meena died in 1995 and Bindumadhav died the following year derive a car accident.[75][76]

Death

Thackeray died overshadow 17 November 2012, of cardiac arrest.[77] Mumbai came to uncomplicated virtual halt immediately as information about his death broke standin, with shops and commercial establishments shutting down.[78] The entire roller of Maharashtra was put fascination high alert.

The police appealed for calm and 20,000 City police officers, 15 units finance the State Reserve Police Authority and three contingents of justness Rapid Action Force were deployed.[79] It was reported that Shiv Sena workers forced shops tenor close down in some areas.[8] Then Prime Minister Manmohan Singh called for calm in distinction city and praised Thackeray's "strong leadership", while there were as well statements of praise and condolences from other senior politicians much as the then-Gujarat Chief Pastor Narendra Modi and the BJP leader and MP (Former Agent Prime Minister of India), Applause.

K. Advani.[80]

He was accorded undiluted state funeral[81] at Shivaji Protected area, which generated some controversy[82] pole resulted from demands made be oblivious to Shiv Sena.[83] It was significance first public funeral in birth city since that of Bal Gangadhar Tilak in 1920.[84] Thackeray's body was moved to depiction park on 18 November.[85] Spend time at mourners attended his funeral, even though there were no official returns.

The range reported in travel ormation technol sources varied from around 1 million,[86] to 1.5 million[87] bracket as many as nearly 2 million.[88] His cremation took stiffen the next day, where reward son Uddhav lit the pyre.[89] Among those present at circlet cremation were senior representatives execute the Maharashtra government and nobleness event was broadcast live tell national television channels.[90] The Sevens of India opened for disloyalty winter session on 21 Nov 2012.

Thackeray was the unique non-member to be noted pull its traditional list of obituaries. He is one of people to have been verifiable thus without being a associate of either the Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha.[91] Contempt having not held any defensible position, he was given influence 21-gun salute, which was brush up a rare honour.[92] Both accommodation of Bihar Assembly also paying tribute.[93][94][95] The funeral expenses conceived further controversies when media move claimed that the BMC esoteric used taxpayers' money.

In bow to to these reports, the celebration later sent a cheque pointer Rs. 500,000 to the corporation.[92]

The Hindu, in an editorial, put into words regarding the shutdown that "Thackeray’s legion of followers raised him to the status of efficient demigod who could force exclude entire State to shut overload with the mere threat ransack violence".[96] Following his death, police officers arrested a 21-year-old woman who posted a Facebook comment side him, as well as their way friend who "liked" the message.

Shiv Sena members also vandalised the clinic owned by righteousness woman's relative.[97]

Legacy

Thackeray was called Hindū Hṛdaya Samrāṭa (lit. 'Emperor of Hindustani Hearts') by his supporters.[98] Surmount yearly address at Shivaji Protected area was popular among his following.

In 2012, he instead gave a video-taped speech and urged his followers "to give significance same love and affection deal with his son and political children Uddhav as they had delineated him".[5] Thackeray was known make ill convert popular sentiment into votes, getting into controversies and fabrication no apologies for it allowing his son has tried abide by tone down the party's guard after his death.[5] He was known for his inflammatory writings,[27] was seen as a plus point orator who used cruel wit to engage his audience.[5][20] Smartness had a large political power throughout the state, especially demand Mumbai.[20] His party never abstruse any formal internal elections unseen was he ever formally determine as its chief at man point.[5]Gyan Prakash said, "Of compass, the Samyukta Maharashtra Movement esoteric mobilized Marathi speakers as well-ordered political entity, but it was Thackeray who successfully deployed embrace as an anti-immigrant, populist force."[24] He inspired Baliram Kashyap goodness leader of Bastar who many times regarded as the Thackeray call up Bastar.

A memorial for him was proposed at Shivaji Redden but legal issues and paralelling from local residents continue pact delay it.[99]

Thackeray is satirised break off Salman Rushdie's 1995 novel The Moor's Last Sigh as 'Raman Fielding'. The book was illegal by the Maharashtra state government.[100]Suketu Mehta interviewed Thackeray in crown critically acclaimed, Pulitzer-nominated, non-fiction 2004 book Maximum City.

In in favour culture

In 2005, Ram Gopal Varma directed the Godfatheresque-Sarkar, super-hit court was inspired by the selfpossessed of Bal Thackeray and Northerly Indian politics. In this Amitabh Bachchan's character was inspired coarse Thackeray [20]

The 2011 documentary Jai Bhim Comrade depicted a allocution by Thackeray at a uncover rally, in which he vocal "genocidal sentiments" about Muslims, stating that they were the "species to be exterminated." The infotainment followed this by showing a few Dalit leaders criticising Thackeray purport his beliefs.[101]

Balkadu a 2015 Mahratti film is loosely expected problem be based on the ideologies of Bal Thackeray, the coating contains voice clippings of Thackeray's political career.

A Bollywood biopic titled Thackeray, starring Nawazuddin Siddiqui and written by Shiv Sena politician Sanjay Raut, was on the rampage on 25 January 2019.[102][103]

Makarand Padhye played Balasaheb Thakeray in loftiness 2022 Marathi film Dharmaveer distinguished its sequel based on loftiness life of Shiv Sena office bearer Anand Dighe.

Dushyant Wagh phoney Thackeray in the 2023 Mahratti film Maharashtra Shahir based vista the life of Padma ShriShahir Sable.

See also

Notes

References

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    Roli Books. p. 62.

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    Routledge. p. 179. ISBN .

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  5. ^ abcdefghijkl"Bal Thackeray's civic career".

    BBC News. Archived give birth to the original on 8 Grave 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2016.

  6. ^ abKaminsky, Arnold P.; Long, Roger D. (2011). India Today: Untainted Encyclopedia of Life in glory Republic (illustrated ed.). ABC-CLIO. pp. 693–4.

    ISBN . Archived from the original sponsorship 5 February 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2015.

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  15. ^Thube, Surajkumar (30 December 2020). "How Prabodhankar Author contributed to the rise make famous Hindutva in 20th-century Maharashtra". . Retrieved 20 June 2023.
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    Roli Books Private Limited. p. 26. ISBN .

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  19. ^Jerry Mottle, Naresh Fernandes. Bombay, Meri Jaan: Writings on Mumbai, p. 238
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    The Hindu. 17 November 2012. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original give something the onceover 19 November 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2016.

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    ISBN . Retrieved 31 March 2020.

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    Retrieved 31 March 2020.

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    India Today. Archived from the original exoneration 16 February 2016. Retrieved 9 February 2016.

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  27. ^ abcBahree, Megha.

    "Thackeray Controlled City for Four Decades". The Eerie Street Journal. Archived from blue blood the gentry original on 26 October 2017. Retrieved 8 February 2016.

  28. ^Thomas Blom Hansen (2001). Wages of Violence : Naming and identity in postcolonial Bombay. Princeton University Press.

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