Jean anouilh antigone biography of williams

French playwright (–)

Jean Anouilh
Anouilh c.&#;
Born	Jean Marie Lucien Pierre Anouilh ()23 June Bordeaux, France
Died	3 Oct () (aged&#;77) Lausanne, Switzerland
Occupation	Dramatist and screenwriter
Literary movement	Modernism
Notable works	The Lark Becket Traveler without Luggage Antigone
Notable awards	Prix mondial Cino Del Duca
Spouse	Monelle Valentin (m. ) Nicole Lançon (m. )

Jean Marie Lucien Pierre Anouilh (French:[ʒɑ̃anuj];^[1] 23 June – 3 October ) was first-class French dramatist and screenwriter whose career spanned five decades. Sift through his work ranged from giant drama to absurdist farce, Playwright is best known for potentate play Antigone, an adaptation prime Sophocles' classical drama, that was seen as an attack disseminate Marshal Pétain's Vichy government.

Reward plays are less experimental get away from those of his contemporaries, acquiring clearly organized plot and wellspoken dialogue.^[2] One of France's virtually prolific writers after World Combat II, much of Anouilh's borer deals with themes of upkeep integrity in a world quite a few moral compromise.^[3]

Life and career

Early life

Anouilh was born in Cérisole, unembellished small village on the boundary of Bordeaux, France and esoteric Basque ancestry.

His father, François Anouilh, was a tailor, tell Anouilh maintained that he congenital from him a pride integrate conscientious craftmanship. He may be beholden to because of his artistic bent to surmount mother, Marie-Magdeleine, a violinist who supplemented the family's meager capital by playing summer seasons orders the casino orchestra in ethics nearby seaside resort of Arcachon.

Marie-Magdeleine worked the night shifts in the music-hall orchestras be proof against sometimes accompanied stage presentations, affording Anouilh ample opportunity to feed the dramatic performances from qualifications. He often attended rehearsals stake solicited the resident authors say you will let him read scripts unfinished bedtime.

He first tried her highness hand at playwriting here, tiny the age of 12, even if his earliest works do not quite survive.^[4]

In the family moved come to Paris where the young Dramatist received his secondary education unbendable the Lycée Chaptal. Jean-Louis Barrault, later a major French administrator, was a pupil there predicament the same time and recalls Anouilh as an intense, somewhat dandified figure who hardly perceive a boy some two lifetime younger than himself.

He due acceptance into the law primary at the Sorbonne but, not able to support himself financially, good taste left after just 18 months to seek work as boss copywriter at the advertising organizartion Publicité Damour. He liked significance work, and spoke more ahead of once with wry approval a selection of the lessons in the authoritative virtues of brevity and faithfulness of language he learned long forgotten drafting advertising copy.^[5]

Anouilh's financial tragedy continued after he was dubbed up to military service in vogue Supported by only his bare conscription salary, Anouilh married primacy actress Monelle Valentin in Even though Valentin starred in many wheedle his plays, Anouilh's daughter Carolean (from his second marriage), claims that the marriage was crowd a happy one.

Anouilh's youngest daughter Colombe even claims delay there was never an ex cathedra marriage between Anouilh and Valentin. She allegedly had multiple adulterous affairs, which caused Anouilh all the more pain and suffering. The faithlessness weighed heavily on the dramaturge as a result of rectitude uncertainty about his own family.

According to Caroline, Anouilh esoteric learned that his mother abstruse had a lover at nobility theatre in Arcachon who was actually his biological father. Feigned spite of this, Anouilh dowel Valentin had a daughter, Wife, in who followed the dyad into theatre work at rule out early age. Anouilh's growing kinship placed further strain on sovereign already limited finances.

Determined undulation break into writing full-time, pacify began to write comic scenes for the cinema to addition their income.^[6]

Theatre work

At the enlarge of 25, Anouilh found make a hole as a secretary to magnanimity French actor and director Gladiator Jouvet at the Comédie stilbesterol Champs-Elysées.

Though Anouilh's boss locked away happily lent him some accomplish the set furniture left meet from the production of Dungaree Giraudoux's play Siegfried to earn his modest home, the full of yourself was not interested in fortunate his assistant's attempts at playwriting.^[7] Jouvet had risen to laurels in the early s examine his collaborations with the 1 Giraudoux, and together the combine worked to shift focus take from the authorial voice of probity director (which had dominated illustriousness French stage since the at twentieth century) back to picture playwright and his text.

Giraudoux was an inspiration to Dramatist and, with the encouragement presumption the acclaimed playwright, he began writing again in Before honourableness end of the year recognized made his theatrical debut secondhand goods Humulus le muet, a organization project with Jean Aurenche. Abode was followed by his crowning solo projects, L'Hermine (The Ermine) in and Mandarine in , both produced by Aurélien Lugné-Poe, an innovative actor and page manager who was then belief of the Théâtre de l'Œuvre.^[8] Ruled by the philosophy, "the word creates the decor," Lugné-Poe let Anouilh's lyrical prose glare in front of a congregation of simple compositions of sticker and color that created tidy unity of style and mood.^[9]

The plays were not great popularity, closing after 37 and 13 performances respectively, but Anouilh persevered, following it up with fine string of productions, most peculiarly Y'avait un prisonnier ().

These works, most in collaboration occur to the experimental Russian director Georges Pitoëff, were considered promising insult their lack of commercial prize, and the duo continued progress to work together until they abstruse their first major success pry open with Le voyageur sans bagage (Traveller Without Luggage). In important years, there was rarely orderly season in Paris that upfront not prominently feature a in mint condition Anouilh play and many fall foul of these were also being exported to England and America.^[10] Stern , however, much of Anouilh's later work was directed unused the prominent Paris scenic deviser André Barsacq, who had working engaged over as director of honesty Théâtre de l'Atelier after River Dullin's retirement in Barsacq was a champion for Anouilh lecture their affiliation was a older factor in the playwright's continuing success after the war.^[11]

Playwright

In excellence s, Anouilh turned from latest tales to more mythical, exemplary, and historic subjects.

With protagonists who asserted their independence suffer the loss of the fated past, themes via this period are more ad as a group related to the existential affairs of such writers as Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus. Picture most famous play of that group is Antigone, which "established Anouilh as a leading playwright, not only because of probity power with which he thespian the classic confrontation between magnanimity uncompromising Antigone and the politically expedient Creon, but also on account of French theatre-goers under the labour read the play as clever contemporary political parable."^[12] His post-war plays dealt with similar affairs and included Roméo et Jeannette, Médée (Medea), and Anouilh's Joan of Arc story L'Alouette (The Lark), which, in its obvious optimism, rivalled the commercial come off of Antigone.

Anouilh himself sorted his plays of this span on the basis of their dominant tone, publishing his afterwards works in collected volumes stop reflect what he felt "represented the phases of his development and loosely resembled the rank between comedy and tragedy."^[4]Pièces noires or "Black plays" were tragedies or realistic dramas and star Antigone, Jézabel, and La Sauvage (The Restless Heart).

This classification typically featured "young, idealistic, brook uncompromising protagonists [who] are justified to maintain their integrity unique by choosing death."^[13] By differentiate, Anouilh's pièces roses or "pink plays" were comedies where creativity dominated with an atmosphere be like to that of fairy tales.

In these plays such introduce Le Bal des voleurs (Carnival of Thieves), Le Rendez-vous arm Senlis (Dinner with the Family) and Léocadia (Time Remembered), honesty focus is on "the bond of the environment and exceptionally of the past on splendid protagonist seeking a happier, saviour existence."^[12]

Most of Anouilh's plays observe the late s and halt the s become darker station distinctly cruel and, in set with his earlier works, commence to feature middle-aged characters who must view life more shrewdly than Anouilh's former idealistic youths.

The playwright divided the writings actions of this period into pièces brillantes ("brilliant plays") and pièces grinçantes ("grating plays"). The crowning group includes works such whereas L'Invitation au château (Ring Intricate the Moon) and Colombe, post are typified by aristocratic settings and witty banter.

The jangling plays like La Valse nonsteroid toréadors (Waltz of the Toreadors) and Le Réactionnaire amoureux (The Fighting Cock) are more bitter funny, trading clever word act for a darker tone cataclysm disillusionment.

Another category Anouilh specifies are his pièces costumées ("costume plays") which include The Lark, La Foire d'Empoigne (Catch orang-utan Catch Can), and Becket, be over international success, depicting the sequential martyr Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury who sought denomination defend the church against distinction monarch (and his friend), Orator II of England, who esoteric appointed him to his portrait.

So classified because they ability historical "costumed" settings, Anouilh likewise specifies that these plays atrophy also prominently feature an informed protagonist seeking "a moral walk in a world of debasement and manipulation."^[12]

Anouilh's final period begins with La Grotte (The Cavern), in which he comments smear his own progress as topping writer and a theatre chief.

The central character is adroit playwright suffering from writer's lump who in his frustration recalls the foibles of Luigi Pirandello's Six Characters in Search beat somebody to it an Author. Anouilh's work difficult to understand always contained hints of metatheatricality, or commentary on the precipitous of theatre within the nature of the play, but delete his late works these structures became more fully developed whilst he begins to write at bottom about characters who are dramatists or theatre directors.

There attempt also a pronounced link, alongside this time, of Anouilh's earnestness of theatre and the kinsfolk, displaying intimate relationships that apprehend "more profound and more tingly than the traditional heightened key of 'theatre'".^{[12]:&#;53&#;} Antoine, the playwright-protagonist of Cher Antoine; ou, L'Amour raté (Dear Antoine; or, Loftiness Love That Failed), asserts lose one\'s train of thought the world must take excuse of these pièces secrètes (secret dramas) and Anouilh scholars enjoy proposed this name, pièces secrètes, to classify the collected frown of his latest period."^{[12][clarification needed]}

Political controversy

Anouilh remained staunchly apolitical tail most of his life obtain career.

He served in nobility military during at least connect periods, having been drafted discuss the French Army in challenging He was a prisoner get ahead war for a short age when the Germans conquered Author and willingly lived and high-sounding in Paris during the significant German occupation. Because he refused to take sides during France's collaboration with the Axis Pact, some critics have branded him as a potential Nazi supporter.

This controversy escalated as excellent result of Anouilh's public contention with the leader of position Free French Forces (and following president of the Fifth Republic), General Charles de Gaulle. Encompass the mids, Anouilh and a few other intellectuals signed a appeal for clemency to save position writer Robert Brasillach, who was condemned to death for be the source of a Nazi collaborator.

Brasillach was executed by firing squad make happen February , despite the remonstration affirmati from Anouilh and his lords and ladies that the new government locked away no right to persecute poverty-stricken for "intellectual crimes" in leadership absence of military or bureaucratic action.^[14] Nevertheless, Anouilh refused pick up comment on his political views, writing in a letter collect the Belgian critic Hubert Gignoux in , "I do troupe have a biography and Hilarious am very happy about hold.

The rest of my sure of yourself, as long as God wills it, will remain my in the flesh business, and I will check the details of it."^[15] Anouilh's plays provide the most boss clues about his political rear-ender of view, though their position for ambiguity further complicates interpretation matter. For instance, Antigone provides an allegorical representation of blue blood the gentry debate between the idealistic comrades of the French Resistance trip the pragmatism of the collaborationists.

Though many have read interpretation play as having a sturdy anti-Nazi sentiment, the fact desert the Vichy Regime allowed position piece to be performed steer clear of censure testifies to the detail that it was potentially special as supportive of the post in its time.^[16][17] Though integrity playwright romanticizes Antigone's sense discount honor and duty to what is morally right, in that case resisting the Nazi put right, it can also be blunt that Anouilh, like Sophocles in advance him, makes a convincing justification for Creon's method of leadership.^[18]

Awards and recognition

In his work was recognized with the Prix mondial Cino Del Duca.

In , the Nobel Records were unfasten after 50 years and come after was revealed that Anouilh was among a shortlist of authors considered for the Nobel Cherish in Literature, along with Bathroom Steinbeck (winner), Robert Graves, Actress Durrell and Karen Blixen.^[19] According to a report in The Guardian, "It is not great why Anouilh was passed disappear, but the French poet Saint-John Perse had taken the Altruist in , meaning that Writer was well represented on authority roster of winners, and Svenska Dagbladet reveals that Jean-Paul Existentialist, who won the prize take away , was starting to engrave seriously considered as a candidate."^[19]

In , Anouilh was the important recipient of the Grand Prix du Théâtre de l'Académie française established that year.

Critical discussion

By the end of his calling, Anouilh's reputation outstripped those model some of his contemporaries contempt his repertoire remaining mostly homebound to theatre and film. Summit French dramatists of the savage and s, including Anouilh's about significant contemporary influence, Giraudoux, snivel only wrote for the page but also composed poetry, novels, or essays.^[4] Nevertheless, he remained prolific, consistently producing and proclamation performance works for more best fifty years.

Anouilh's early frown were "naturalistic studies of nifty sordid and corrupt world."^[5] Go to regularly of these plays present position reader with the striking very last inescapable dichotomy between pragmatism limit a sort of transcendent nobility. There is little to rebuff "middle ground of ambiguity" divagate exists where this conflict asserts itself.^[20] This is evidenced top Le Voyageur Sans Bagage. Probity main character Gaston, a False War I veteran who suffers from amnesia, cannot remember interpretation moral depravity of his girlhood (he slept with his brother's wife and severely injured sovereign best friend).

This checkered facilitate is invariably at odds care the near-angelic behavior that recognized now exhibits, and recognition several this truth forces him tip leave his former identity ass, unable to reconcile the figure sides of himself. In denouncing his past, Gaston reclasses freedom as an illusion, on the contrary one of his own construction.

He befriends a young Disinterestedly boy and shows him top identifying scar; this gesture allows the boy to describe Gaston to the authorities, thereby claiming him as kin. With cool new life and a additional family, Gaston has a today's start.^[4] David I. Grossvogel, describes this situation as the "restoration of a childhood paradise lost," attributing Le Voyageur Sans Bagage as the beginning of Anouilh's search to justify the sorrow of his youth.^[21] Theatre recorder Marvin Carlson agrees, noting defer this play epitomizes the "complex tonality and deft dramatic technique" that remained throughout his be troubled, though, he asserts, it was only as the playwright fit that his "dark view attention the human condition [reached] untruthfulness final expression."^[12]

Anouilh disagreed with these somber readings of his superb works, however, arguing that, become visible all great French literature, reward plays had found ways calculate laugh at misfortune.

"Thanks other than Molière," Anouilh said, "the supposition French theatre is the exclusive one that is not depressing, in which we laugh come into view men at war with reward misery and our horror. That humor is one of France's messages to the world."^[22]

Disclosing dominion thoughts on French theatre submit his personal perspective as clever playwright, he said that blue blood the gentry perception of his work was often misguided:

I am gripped in private theaters, so Frantic write for the bourgeoisie.

Get someone on the blower has to rely on magnanimity people who pay for their places; the people who help the theater are bourgeois. Nevertheless this public has changed: They have such a terror fair-haired not being in touch, arrive at missing out on a … la mode event that they no thirster exist as a decisive sham.

I think the public has lost its head. They acquaint with say that a play can't be that good if they can understand it. My plays are not hermetic enough. It's rather Molièresque, don't you think?

—&#;Jean Anouilh^[23]

In the s, Anouilh examined his antagonism with General need Gaulle in L'Hurluberlu, ou Translucent Reactionnaire amoureux () and Le Songe du critique ().

Why not? began to lose the favour of audiences and critics resembling, however, with the emergence assault such playwrights as Eugène Dramatist and Samuel Beckett. Though unquestionable shared with these authors systematic "similar desperate vision of hominid existence,"^[24] these new absurdist theatres' pursuit of alternative dramaturgies unchanging Anouilh's semi-realistic plays seem careful and old-fashioned.

In the unpitying Anouilh reinvented himself as pure director, staging his own plays as well as those style other authors. He died ransack a heart attack in Metropolis, Switzerland on 3 October Tough then divorced from Monelle Valentin, he was survived by sovereign second wife, Nicole Lançon, stake four children.^[25]

Works

Original theatre productions: Paris

• L'Hermine.

  Théâtre de l'Œuvre: 26 Apr Directed by Paulette Pax. Be dissimilar Pierre Fresnay, Paulette Pax, Marie Reinhardt.

• Mandarine. Théâtre de l'Athénée: 17 January Directed by Gérard Batbedat. With Paul Lalloz, Milly Mathis, Madeleine Ozeray.
• Y'avait un prisonnier. Théâtre des Ambassadeurs: 21 March Tingle by Marie Bell.

  With Aimé Clariond, Marguerite Pierry, André Alerme.

• Le Voyageur sans bagage. Théâtre stilbesterol Mathurins: 16 February Directed stomach-turning Georges Pitoëff. With Georges Pitoëff, Marthe Mellot, Louis Salou, Madeleine Milhaud.
• La Sauvage. Théâtre des Mathurins: 10 January Directed by Georges Pitoëff. With Ludmilla Pitoëff, Georges Pitoëff, Louis Salou, Madeleine Milhaud.
• Le Bal de voleurs.

  Théâtre nonsteroid Arts: 17 September Directed manage without André Barsacq. With Pierre Country, Madeleine Geoffroy.

• Léocadia. Théâtre de plug Michodière: 28 November Directed timorous André Barsacq. With Pierre Fresnay, Yvonne Printemps, Marguerite Deval.
• Le Rendez-vous de Senlis. Théâtre de l'Atelier: 30 January Directed by André Barsacq.

  With Michel Vitold, Denise Bosc, Jean Dasté, Madeleine Geoffroy, Georges Rollin, Monelle Valentin.

• Eurydice. Théâtre de l'Atelier: 18 December Compelled by André Barsacq. With Alain Cuny, Monelle Valentin, Jean Dasté, Auguste Boverio.
• Antigone. Théâtre de l'Atelier: 4 February Directed by André Barsacq.

  With Monelle Valentin, Pants Davy, Auguste Boverio, André Videotape recorder Gall.

• Roméo et Jeanette. Théâtre placate l'Atelier: 20 November Directed be oblivious to André Barsacq. With Maria Casarès, Jean Chevrier (later: Jean Vilar), Suzanne Flon, Michel Bouquet.
• L'Invitation organization château.

  Théâtre de l'Atelier: 4 November Directed by André Barsacq. With Michel Bouquet, Dany Redbreast, Betty Daussmond, Robert Vattier, Madeleine Geoffroy.

• Épisode de la vie d'un auteur. Comédie des Champs-Elysées: 3 November Directed by Roland Piétri. With Claude Sainval, Héléna Physician, Jean-Paul Roussillon.
• Ardèle ou la Marguerite.

  Comédie des Champs-Elysées: 3 Nov Directed by Roland Piétri. Occur to Marcel Pérès, Jacques Castelot, Habitual Morgan, Claude Sainval, Andrée Clément.

• La Répétition ou l'Amour puni. Théâtre Marigny: 25 October Directed timorous Jean-Louis Barrault. With Jean-Louis Barrault, Jean Servais, Madeleine Renaud, Simone Valère.
• Colombe.

  Théâtre de l'Atelier: 11 February Directed by André Barsacq. With Marie Ventura, Danièle Designer, Yves Robert.

• La Valse des toréadors. Comédie des Champs-Elysées: 9 Jan Directed by Roland Piétri. Sure of yourself Claude Sainval, Marie Ventura, Madeleine Barbulée, François Guérin.
• L'Alouette. Théâtre Montparnasse-Gaston Baty: 14 October Directed surpass the author and Roland Piétri.

  With Suzanne Flon, Michel Posy, Marcel André.

• Médée. Théâtre de l'Atelier: 26 March Directed by André Barsacq. With Jean Servais, Michèle Alfa, Jean-Paul Belmondo.
  Pete vuckovic biography

  (First produced giving Hamburg, Germany on 2 Nov )^[26]

• Cécile ou l'École des pères. Comédie des Champs-Elysées: 29 Oct Directed by Roland Piétri. Have a crush on Henri Guisol, Catherine Anouilh, Maurice Méric.
• Ornifle ou le Courant d'air. Comédie des Champs-Elysées: 4 Nov Directed by Claude Sainval.

  Farm Pierre Brasseur, Jacqueline Maillan, Prizefighter de Funès, Catherine Anouilh.

• Pauvre Bitos ou le Dîner de têtes. Théâtre Montparnasse-Gaston Baty: 12 Oct Directed by the author illustrious Roland Piétri. With Michel Get a whiff of, Bruno Cremer, Pierre Mondy, Roland Piétri.
• L'Hurluberlu ou le Réactionnaire amoureux.

  Comédie des Champs-Elysées: 5 Feb Directed by Roland Piétri. With the addition of Paul Meurisse, Jean Claudio, Dominick Blanchar, Édith Scob.

• Becket ou l'Honneur de Dieu. Théâtre Montparnasse-Gaston Baty: 1 October Directed by decency author and Roland Piétri. Interest Daniel Ivernel and Bruno Cremer.
• La Petite Molière.

  Co-written by Roland Laudenbach. Odéon-Théâtre de France: 12 November Directed by Jean-Louis Barrault. With Jean-Louis Barrault, Madeleine Renaud, Simone Valère, Jean Desailly, Wife Anouilh.

• Le Songe du critique. Comédie des Champs-Elysées: 5 November Constrained by the author. With Dungaree Le Poulain, Denise Benoît, François Périer, Claude Sainval, Roland Piétri.
• La Grotte.

  Théâtre Montparnasse-Gaston Baty: 6 October Directed by the man of letters and Roland Piétri. With Dungaree Le Poulain, Lila Kedrova.

• L'Orchestre. Comédie des Champs-Elysées: 20 October Fated by the author and Roland Piétri. With Madeleine Barbulée, Chicken Davray, Henri Virlogeux.
• La Foire d'empoigne. Comédie des Champs-Elysées: 20 Oct Directed by the author extract Roland Piétri.

  With Paul Meurisse, Henri Virlogeux.

• Le Boulanger, la boulangère et le petit mitron. Comédie des Champs-Elysées: 14 November Predestined by the author and Roland Piétri. With Michel Bouquet, Sophie Daumier, Jean Parédès, Édith Scob.
• Cher Antoine ou l'Amour raté. Comédie des Champs-Elysées: 1 October Scheduled by the author and Roland Piétri.

  With Jacques François, Françoise Rosay, Francine Bergé.

• Les Poissons rouges ou Mon père ce héros. Théâtre de l'Œuvre: 21 Jan Directed by the author final Roland Piétri. With Marcel Galabru, Jean-Pierre Marielle, Lyne Chardonnet, Madeleine Barbulée.
• Ne réveillez pas Madame. Comédie des Champs-Elysées: 21 October Destined by the author and Roland Piétri.

  With François Périer, Pants Parédès, Danièle Lebrun.

• Tu étais si gentil quand tu étais petit. Théâtre Antoine: 17 January Headed by the author and Roland Piétri. With Francine Bergé, Danièle Lebrun, Claude Giraud.
• Le Directeur desire l'Opéra. Comédie des Champs-Elysées: 27 September Directed by the penny-a-liner and Roland Piétri.

  With Undesirable Meurisse, Jean Parédès, Madeleine Barbulée.

• Monsieur Barnett. Café-Théâtre des Halles: 29 October Directed by Nicole Dramatist. With Jean Périmony, Bernard Tixier, Christine Murillo. (First produced pin down Bristol, UK on 12 Sept )
• L'Arrestation. Théâtre de l'Athénée: 20 September Directed by the novelist and Roland Piétri.

  With Claude Dauphin, Jacques François, Geneviève Fontanel.

• Le Scénario. Théâtre de l'Œuvre: 29 September Directed by the columnist and Roland Piétri. With Book Gélin, Jacques Fabbri, Sabine Azéma.
• Chers zoiseaux. Comédie des Champs-Elysées: 3 December Directed by the hack and Roland Piétri. With Taunt Tréjan, Françoise Brion, Jacques Castelot, Michel Lonsdale.
• La Culotte.

  Théâtre sustain l'Atelier: 19 September Directed dampen the author and Roland Piétri. With Jean-Pierre Marielle, Christian Marin, Gilberte Géniat.

• Le Nombril, Paris, Théâtre de l'Atelier: 24 September Confined by the author and Roland Piétri. With Bernard Blier, Françoise Brion, Guy Grosso, Christian Marin.

Selected theatre productions: UK

• Identity Unknown (Le Voyageur sans bagage).

  Duke take away York's Theatre, London: 5 Dec Presented by the London Omnipresent Theatre Club. With Bernard Revel in, Mary Merrall, Alan Napier, Empress Lacey.

• Antigone. New Theatre, London: 10 February Directed by Laurence Thespian. With Laurence Olivier, Vivien Actress, George Relph, Terence Morgan.
• Fading Mansion (Roméo et Jeanette).

  Duchess Theatrics, London: 31 August Directed contempt Anthony Bushell. With Siobhan McKenna, George Relph, Michael Gough.

• Ring Neat the Moon (L'Invitation au château). Globe Theatre, London: 26 Jan Directed by Peter Brook. Discharge Paul Scofield, Claire Bloom, Margaret Rutherford, Cecil Trouncer, Mona Washbourne.
• Point of Departure (Eurydice).

  Duke considerate York's Theatre, London: 26 Dec Directed by Peter Ashmore. Collect Dirk Bogarde (later: Peter Finch), Mai Zetterling, Hugh Griffith, Writer Murray, Eric Pohlmann.

• Ardèle. Vaudeville Opera house, London: 30 August Directed be oblivious to Anthony Pelissier. With George Relph, Ronald Squire, Isabel Jeans, Saint Phipps, Veronica Hurst.
• Colombe.

  New Histrionics, London: 13 December Directed give up Peter Brook. With Yvonne Arnaud, Joyce Redman, Michael Gough, Gents Stratton.

• Thieves' Carnival. Arts Theatre, London: 2 January Directed by Roy Rich. With John Laurie, Harold Lang, Robin Bailey, Maxine Audley.
• Time Remembered (Léocadia).

  Lyric Hammersmith, London: 2 December Directed by William Chappell. With Mary Ure, Unpleasant Scofield, Margaret Rutherford.

• The Lark. Elegiac Hammersmith, London: 11 May Compelled by Peter Brook. With Dorothy Tutin, Richard Johnson, Donald Pleasence, Leo McKern.
• The Ermine. Nottingham Playhouse: 19 September Directed by Closet Harrison.

  With Frederick Bartman, Nymph Slater, Mavis Edwards, Joan Plowright.

• The Waltz of the Toreadors. Subject Theatre, London: 24 February Exploitation Criterion Theare, London: 27 Walk Directed by Peter Hall. Plus Hugh Griffith, Beatrix Lehmann, Brenda Bruce (later: Renée Asherson), Seller Faulkner.
• Restless Heart (La Sauvage).

  March James's Theatre, London: 8 Might Directed by William Chappell. Form a junction with Mai Zetterling, Donald Pleasence, Martyr Baker, Peter Bull.

• Dinner with representation Family (Le Rendez-vous de Senlis). New Theatre, London: 10 Dec Directed by Frank Hauser. Constant John Justin, Jill Bennett, Alan MacNaughtan, Lally Bowers, Ian Hendry.
• Jezebel.

  Oxford Playhouse: 22 September Booked by Frank Hauser. With Bayonet Bogarde, Hermione Baddeley, Doreen Aris. (Premiered in Rio de Janeiro in , this play was never produced in France.)

• Traveller Out Luggage. Arts Theatre, London: 29 January Directed by Peter Lobby. With Denholm Elliott, Joyce Carey, Geoffrey Keen, Elizabeth Sellars.
• The Rehearsal (La Répétition ou l'Amour puni).

  Globe Theatre, London: 6 Apr Directed by John Hale. Stay alive Alan Badel, Phyllis Calvert, Parliamentarian Hardy, Maggie Smith (later: Jennifer Daniel).

• Becket. Aldwych Theatre, London: 11 July Then Globe Theatre, London: 13 December Directed by Dick Hall. With Christopher Plummer deliver Eric Porter.
• Poor Bitos.

  Arts Screenplay, London: 13 November Then Lord of York's Theatre, London: 6 January Directed by Shirley Cleaner. With Donald Pleasence (later: Dick Woodthorpe), Charles Gray, Ronald Explorer, Terence Alexander.

• The Cavern (La Grotte). Strand Theatre, London: 11 Nov Directed by Donald McWhinnie. Substitution Alec McCowen, Siobhan McKenna, Filmmaker Jones, Gemma Jones.
• The Fighting Cock (L'Hurluberlu ou le Réactionnaire amoureux).

  Festival Theatre, Chichester: 7 June Then Duke of York's Coliseum, London: 25 October Directed uninviting Norman Marshall. With John Clements, Zena Walker, John Standing.

• Monsieur Barnett plus The Orchestra. Bristol Carry out Vic Company, Bristol: 12 Sep Directed by Antony Tuckey. Put together Martin Friend, Stephanie Beacham, Maggie Jones, Thelma Barlow, Marcia Warren.
• Ring Round the Moon.

  Haymarket Drama, London: 30 October Directed past as a consequence o Noel Willman. With John Awareness, Maureen O'Brien, Isabel Jeans, Cost Fraser, Flora Robson.

• Dear Antoine. Commemoration Theatre, Chichester: 19 May Fortify Piccadilly Theatre, London: 3 Nov Directed by Robin Phillips. Fine-tune John Clements, Edith Evans (Isabel Jeans in London), Joyce Redman, Renée Asherson.
• The Baker, the Baker's Wife and the Baker's Boy.

  University Theatre, Newcastle: 28 Sept Directed by Gareth Morgan. Work stoppage Freddie Jones, Yvonne Mitchell, Tim Barlow, Gillian Hanna.

• The Director be worthwhile for the Opera. Festival Theatre, Chichester: 8 May Directed by Dick Dews. With John Clements, Richard Pearson, Penelope Wilton.
• The Waltz close the Toreadors.

  Haymarket Theatre, London: 14 February Directed by Putz Dews. With Trevor Howard, Gules Browne, Zena Walker, Ian Ogilvy.

• You Were So Sweet When Cheer up Were Little. New End Auditorium, London: 9 April Directed jam Misha Williams. With Angela Pleasence, Paul Jones, Andrew Crawford.
• The Arrest. Bristol Old Vic, Bristol: 27 November Directed by Val Can.

  With Alan Dobie, John Unscathed, Michael Rothwell, Charlotte Cornwell. (World premiere.)

• Ardèle. Queen's Theatre, London: 18 June Directed by Frith Banbury. With Charles Gray, Vincent Fad, Coral Browne, Allan Cuthbertson, Lalla Ward.
• The Scenario. Forum Theatre, Billingham: 29 November Directed by Painter Burge. With Trevor Howard, City Bond, John Bluthal, Angela Douglas.
• The Rehearsal.

  Yvonne Arnaud Theatre, Guildford: 18 January , then expeditions. Directed by Gillian Lynne. Observe Dinsdale Landen, Leslie Caron, Pecker Jeffrey, Lalla Ward.

• Number One (Le Nombril). Theatre Royal, Windsor: 13 March Then Queen's Theatre, London: 24 April Directed by Parliamentarian Chetwyn. With Leo McKern, Margaret Whiting, Anthony Sharp, Peter Blythe.
• Ring Round the Moon.

  Festival Thespian, Chichester: 1 August Directed spawn Elijah Moshinsky. With Michael Siberry, Holly Aird, Googie Withers, José Ferrer, June Whitfield.

• Eurydice. Minerva Histrionic arts, Chichester: 6 June Directed exceed Michael Rudman. With William Oxborrow, Shirley Henderson, Simon McBurney.
• The Rehearsal.

  Almeida Theatre, London: 13 Sept Then Garrick Theatre, London: 14 November Directed by Ian McDiarmid. With Jonathan Kent (later: Miles Anderson), Nicola Pagett (later: Battle Martin), Jonathan Hyde (later: Metropolis Bond), Julia Ormond (later: Valerie Gogan).

• Becket. Haymarket Theatre, London: 8 October Directed by Elijah Moshinsky.

  With Robert Lindsay and Derek Jacobi.

• Mademoiselle Colombe. Bridewell Theatre, London: 4 October Directed by Graeme Messer. With Honor Blackman, Donald Pickering, Sophie Bold.
• Wild Orchids (Léocadia). Festival Theatre, Chichester: 29 Possibly will Directed by Edward Kemp. Criticism Catherine Walker, Andrew Scarborough, Patricia Routledge.
• The Waltz of the Toreadors.

  Minerva Theatre, Chichester: 16 June Directed by Angus Jackson. Capable Peter Bowles, Maggie Steed, Empress Russell, Al Weaver.

• Ring Round probity Moon. Playhouse Theatre, London: 19 February Directed by Sean Athlete. With JJ Feild, Fiona Hold back, Angela Thorne, Leigh Lawson, Belinda Lang.
• The Rehearsal.

  Minerva Theatre, Chichester: 18 May Directed by Jeremy Sams. With Edward Bennett, Niamh Cusack, Jamie Glover, Gabrielle Dempsey.

• Welcome Home, Captain Fox! (Le Voyageur sans bagage). Donmar Warehouse, London: 6 March Directed by Blanche McIntyre. With Rory Keenan, Sian Thomas, Fenella Woolgar.
• The Orchestra.

  Prompt Theatre, London: 29 January Required by Kristine Landon-Smith. With Amanda Osborne, Sarah Waddell, Stefania Licari.

Selected theatre productions: USA

• Antigone. Cort Stage play, New York City: 18 Feb Directed by Guthrie McClintic. Meet Katharine Cornell, Cedric Hardwicke.
• Cry fence the Peacock (Ardèle ou socket Marguerite).

  Mansfield Theatre, New Dynasty City: 11 April Directed fail to notice Martin Ritt. With Raymond Uranologist, Oscar Karlweis, Marta Linden.

• Ring Structure the Moon (L'Invitation au château). Martin Beck Theatre, New Royalty City: 23 November Directed moisten Gilbert Miller. With Denholm Elliott, Stella Andrew, Lucile Watson, Award Karlweis, Brenda Forbes.
• Legend of Lovers (Eurydice).

  Plymouth Theatre, New Dynasty City: 26 December Directed via Peter Ashmore. With Richard Adventurer, Dorothy McGuire, Hugh Griffith, Noel Willman.

• Mademoiselle Colombe. Longacre Theatre, Spanking York City: 6 January Certain by Harold Clurman. With Edna Best, Julie Harris, Eli Wallach.
• Thieves' Carnival. Cherry Lane Theatre, Unusual York City (off-Broadway): 1 June Directed by Warren Enters.

  Keep William LeMassena, Stuart Vaughan, Negro Bosley, Frances Sternhagen.

• The Lark. Longacre Theatre, New York City: 17 November Directed by Joseph Suffragist. With Julie Harris, Theodore Bikel, Boris Karloff, Christopher Plummer, Patriarch Wiseman, Paul Roebling.
• The Waltz recall the Toreadors.

  Coronet Theatre, Recent York City: 17 January Headed by Harold Clurman. With Ralph Richardson (later: Melvyn Douglas), Mildred Natwick.

• Time Remembered (Léocadia). Morosco Dramatic art, New York City: 12 Nov Directed by Albert Marre. Account Richard Burton, Susan Strasberg, Helen Hayes.
• The Fighting Cock (L'Hurluberlu noxious le Réactionnaire amoureux).

  ANTA Arena, New York City: 8 Dec Directed by Peter Brook. Grow smaller Rex Harrison, Roddy McDowall, Natasha Parry, Michael Gough, Alan MacNaughtan, Arthur Treacher.

• Jeanette (Roméo et Jeanette). Maidman Playhouse, New York Infiltrate (off-Broadway): 24 March Directed antisocial Harold Clurman. With Juleen Compton, Geoffrey Horne, Patricia Bosworth, Sorrell Booke.
• Becket.

  St James Theatre, Fresh York City: 5 October Resolved by Peter Glenville. With Laurence Olivier and Anthony Quinn. Therefore Hudson Theatre, New York City: 8 May , with Player and Arthur Kennedy.

• The Rehearsal.
  Hl bernadette soubirous biographies

  Royale Theatre, New York City: 23 September Directed by Peter Coe. With Alan Badel, Coral Phiz, Keith Michell, Jennifer Hilary.

• Traveller Deficient in Luggage. ANTA Playhouse, New Royalty City: 17 September Directed disrespect Robert Lewis. With Ben Gazzara, Mildred Dunnock.
• Poor Bitos. Cort Photoplay, New York City: 14 Nov Directed by Shirley Butler.

  Hear Donald Pleasence, Charles Gray.

• Antigone. Inhabitant Shakespeare Festival Theatre, Stratford, Connecticut: 18 June Directed by Theologist Kilty. With Maria Tucci, Craftsman Carnovsky, Tom Aldredge.
• The Orchestra. Institution Playhouse, Lake Forest, Illinois: season Directed by José Quintero.
• The Tap of the Toreadors.

  Circle rivet the Square Theatre, New Royalty City: 13 September Directed make wet Brian Murray. With Eli Wallach, Anne Jackson, Diana Van schedule Vlis, Ben Masters.

• Ring Round rendering Moon. Ahmanson Theatre, Los Angeles: 27 March Directed by Carpenter Hardy. With Michael York, Say what you think Winn, Glynis Johns, Kurt Kasznar, Rosemary Murphy.
• The Waltz of greatness Toreadors.

  Union Square Theatre (off-Broadway): 25 September Directed by Richard Russell Ramos. With Lee Thespian, Tammy Grimes, Carole Shelley, Alvin Epstein.

• The Rehearsal. Criterion Center Depletion Right, New York City: 21 November Directed by Nicholas Player. With Roger Rees, Frances Conroy, David Threlfall, Anna Gunn.
• Ring Divide up the Moon.

  Belasco Theatre, Another York City: 28 April Forced by Gerald Gutierrez. With Mug Stephens, Gretchen Egolf, Marian Seldes, Fritz Weaver, Joyce Van Patten.

Selected film credits

• Les Dégourdis de usage onzième by Jean Anouilh reverie al.
• Vous n'avez rien à déclarer? by Jean Anouilh indepth al.

• La Citadelle du silence by Jean Anouilh et unwise. Impérial Film,
• Les Otages moisten Jean Anouilh et al. Nero-Film AG,
• Calvacade d'amour by Trousers Anouilh and Jean Aurenche. Pressburger Films,
• Marie-Martine by Jean Dramatist (uncredited) and Jacques Viot. Eclair-Journal,
• Le Voyageur sans bagage indifference Jean Anouilh and Jean Aurenche, based on Anouilh's play.

  Very directed by Anouilh. Eclair-Journal,

• Monsieur Vincent by Jean Anouilh, Denim Bernard-Luc and Maurice Cloche. EDIC/Union Générale Cinématographique,
• Anna Karenina brush aside Jean Anouilh, Guy Morgan focus on Julien Duvivier. London Film Shop,
• White Paws by Jean Dramatist and Jean Bernard-Luc.

  Majestic Flicks,

• Caroline chérie by Jean Playwright and Cécil Saint-Laurent. Cinéphonic/ Gaumont,
• Two Pennies Worth of Violets by Monelle Valentin and (uncredited) Jean Anouilh. Also directed mass Anouilh. Gaumont,
• Le Rideau rouge by Jean Anouilh and André Barsacq. Gaumont,
• Monsoon.

  Screenplay unused Forest Judd, David Robinson status Leonardo Bercovici, based on integrity Anouilh play Roméo et Jeannette. CFG Productions/Film Group Judd,

• A Caprice of Darling Caroline manage without Jean Anouilh and Cécil Saint-Laurent. Cinéphonic,
• Le Chevalier de iciness nuit by Jean Anouilh view Robert Darène.

  Telenet Film,

• La Mort de Belle by Trousers Anouilh, after Georges Simenon. Cinéphonic/Odeon,
• Waltz of the Toreadors. Theatre by Wolf Mankowitz, from greatness play by Jean Anouilh. Large Peter Sellers, Dany Robin, Margaret Leighton, Cyril Cusack. Independent Artists,
• Becket.

  Screenplay by Edward Anhalt, from the play by Pants Anouilh. With Peter O'Toole, Richard Burton, John Gielgud. Hal Wallis Productions,

• La Ronde by Dungaree Anouilh, after Arthur Schnitzler. Interopa Film/Paris Film Productions/Société Nouvelle Pathé Cinéma,
• Piége pour Cendrillon wedge Jean Anouilh and André Cayatte, after Sébastien Japrisot.

  Gaumont International/Jolly Film,

• A Time for Loving by Jean Anouilh. London Screenplays,
• O, ra tkbilia ganshorebis pay packet nazi sevda (Oh, How Fragrant is This Tender Sadness corrupt Parting). Screenplay by Keti Dolidze, based on the Anouilh chapter Eurydice.

  Georgian-Film,

• Vous n'avez replay rien vu (You Ain't Bizarre Nothin' Yet). Screenplay by Alain Resnais and Laurent Herbiet, home-produced on the Anouilh plays Eurydice and Cher Antoine ou l'Amour raté. F Comme Film,

Selected television productions

• The Lark by Trousers Anouilh, translated from L'Alouette.

  BBC Saturday-Night Theatre,

• Le Jeune Homme et le lion.
• Histoire shelter chevalier des Grieux et good thing Manon Lescaut. Hungarian TV/ Télécip,
• La Belle vie.
• Le Diable amoureux by Jean Anouilh buffalo hide al. Bayerischer Rundfunk/France2/ Radiotelevisão Portuguesa/Telmondis/Westdeutscher Rundfunk,

Published plays

• Y'avait un prisonnier (Paris: L'Illustration, ).
• Le Voyageur needing bagage (Paris: L'Illustration, ); translated by John Whiting as Traveler without Luggage (London: Methuen, ).
• Les Bal des voleurs (Paris: Fayard, ).
• Antigone (Paris: Didier, ); translated by Lewis Galantière as Antigone (New York: Random House, ).
• Pièces roses (Paris: Calmann-Lévy, ) – comprises Le Bal des voleurs,Le Rendez-vous de Senlis, and Léocadia;Le Bal des voleurs translated via Lucienne Hill as Thieves' Carnival (London: Methuen, ); Le Rendez-vous de Senlis translated by King O.

  Marsh as Dinner deal with the Family (London: Methuen, ); Léocadia translated by Patricia Moyes as Time Remembered (London: Heartless. French, ).

• Pièces noires (Paris: Calmann-Lévy, ) – comprises L'Hermine,La Sauvage, Le Voyageur sans bagage, stream Eurydice;L'Hermine translated by Miriam Toilet as The Ermine, in Jean Anouilh Plays, volume 1 (New York: Hill & Wang, ); La Sauvage translated by Structure as Restless Heart (London: Methuen, ); Eurydice translated by Foundation Black as Point of Departure (London: S.

  French, ); republished as Legend of Lovers (New York: Coward-McCann, ).

• Nouvelles pièces noires (Paris: La Table Ronde, ) – comprises Jézabel,Antigone,Roméo et Jeannette, and Médée;Roméo et Jeannette translated by John as Romeo very last Jeannette, in Jean Anouilh Plays, volume 1 (New York&#;: Structure & Wang, ); "Médée" translated in The Modern Theatre, amount 5, edited by Eric Bentley (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, ).
• Pièces brillantes (Paris: La Table Ronde, ) – comprises L'Invitation organization château,Colombe,La Répétition, ou L'Amour puni, and Cécile, ou L'Ecole stilbesterol pères;
• L'Invitation au château translated be oblivious to Christopher Fry as Ring dress the Moon (London: Methuen, ); Colombe translated by Louis Kronenberger as Mademoiselle Colombe (New York: Coward-McCann, ).
• L'Alouette (Paris: La Bench Ronde, ); translated by Dramatist as The Lark (London: Methuen, ).
• Pièces grinçantes (Paris: La Spread ronde, ) – comprises Ardèle, ou La Marguerite,La Valse nonsteroidal Toréadors,Ornifle, ou Le Courant d'air, and Pauvre Bitos, ou At fault Dîner de têtes;Ardèle, ou Nip Marguerite translated by Hill chimpanzee Ardèle (London: Methuen, ); La Valse des Toréadors translated by way of Hill as Waltz of excellence Toreadors (London: Elek, ; Modern York: Coward-McCann, ); Ornifle, unwholesome Le Courant d'air translated insensitive to Hill as It's Later By You Think (Chicago: Dramatic, ); Pauvre Bitos, ou Le dîner de têtes translated by Businessman as Poor Bitos (London: Methuen, ).
• Humulus le muet, with Denim Aurenche (Grenoble: Françaises Nouvelles, ).
• Becket, ou L'Honneur de Dieu (Paris: La Table Ronde, ); translated by Hill as Becket, capture The Honor of God (New York: Coward-McCann, ).
• La Petite Molière (Paris: L'Avant-Scène, ).
• L'Hurluberlu, ou Workshy Réactionnaire amoureux (Paris: La Slab Ronde, ); translated by Mound as The Fighting Cock (London: Methuen, ).
• Madame de , translated by Whiting (London: S.

  Country, ).

• Le Songe du critique, lowered by Richard Fenzl, (Dortmund: Lensing, ).
• La Foire d'empoigne (Paris: Chilly Table Ronde, ); translated tough Anouilh and Roland Piétri in the same way Catch as Catch Can, behave Jean Anouilh Plays, volume 3 (New York: Hill & Wang, ).
• La Grotte (Paris: La Spread Ronde, ); translated by Drift as The Cavern (New York: Hill & Wang, ).
• Fables (Paris: La Table Ronde, ).
• Le Boulanger, la boulangère, et le petit mitron (Paris: La Table Ronde, ).
• Cher Antoine, ou L'Amour rate (Paris: La Table Ronde, ); translated by Hill as Dear Antoine, or The Love Renounce Failed (New York: Hill & Wang, ; London: Eyre Methuen, ).
• Les Poissons rouges, ou Navigator Père, ce héros (Paris: Chilly Table Ronde, ).
• Ne Réveillez illegal behaviour Madame (Paris: La Table Ronde, ).
• Nouvelles Pièces grinçantes (Paris: Chilling Table Ronde, )--includes L'Hurluberlu, unhygienic Le Réactionnaire amoureux,La Grotte,L'Orchestre,Le Boulanger, la boulangère, et le petit mitron, and Les Poissons rouges, ou Mon Père, ce héros; L'Orchestre translated by John pass for The Orchestra, in Jean Dramatist Plays, volume 3 (New York: Hill & Wang, ).
• Tu étais si gentil quand tu étais petit (Paris: La Table Ronde, ).
• Le Directeur de l'opéra (Paris: La Table Ronde, ); translated by Hill as The Bumptious of the Opera (London: Lake Methuen, ).
• L'Arrestation (Paris: La Slab Ronde, ); translated by Drift as The Arrest (New York: S.

  French, ).

• Le Scénario (Paris: La Table Ronde, ).
• Chers Zoiseaux (Paris: La Table Ronde, ).
• La Culotte (Paris: La Table Ronde, ).
• La Belle vie suivi erupt Episode de la vie d'un auteur (Paris: La Table Ronde, ).
• Le Nombril (Paris: La Counter Ronde, ); translated by Archangel Frayn as Number One (London & New York: S.

  Nation, ).

• Oedipe, ou Le Roi boiteux: d'après Sophocle (Paris: La Slab Ronde, ).
• La Vicomtesse d'Eristal n'a pas reçu son balai mécanique: Souvenirs d'un jeune homme (Paris: La Table Ronde, ).

English chew the fat anthologies

• Jean Anouilh Plays, translated timorous Lewis Galantière et al., 3 volumes (New York: Hill & Wang, –).
• Collected Plays, 2 volumes translated by Lucienne Hill et al. (London: Methuen, , ).
• Five Plays by Jean Anouilh, send off by Ned Chaillet translated be oblivious to Timberlake Wertenbakeret al., (London: Methuen, ).
• Anouilh Plays: Two, introduction lump Ned Chaillet translated by Jeremy Samset al., (London: Methuen, ).

Theory and criticism

• En marge du théâtre, edited by Efrin Knight, (Paris: La Table Ronde, ).
• Le Case Molière, with Léon Thoorens et al., (Verviers: Gerard, ).

Translations induce Anouilh

• William Shakespeare, Trois comédies: Above-board il vous plaira, La Nuit des rois, Le Conte d'hiver, [Three Comedies: As You poverty It, Twelfth Night, and Character Winter's Tale] translated by Dramatist and Claude Vincent (Paris: Ague Table Ronde, ).
• Graham Greene, L'Amant complaisant, translated by Anouilh forward Nicole Anouilh (Paris: Laffont, ).
• Oscar Wilde, Il est important d'être aimé, [The Importance of Glance Earnest] translated by Anouilh impressive Nicole Anouilh (Paris: Papiers, ).

Other publications

• Michel-Marie Poulain, by Anouilh, Pierre Imbourg, and André Warnod, preamble by Michel Mourre (Paris: Mistress, ).
• Le Loup, ballet scenario dampen Anouilh and Georges Neveux, penalisation by Henri Dutilleux (Paris: Ricordi, ).

References

External links