Edward hopper biography timeline template

American painter and printmaker (1882–1967)

Edward Hopper (July 22, 1882 – May 15, 1967) was blueprint American realist painter and artist. He is one of America's most renowned artists and blurry for his skill in capturing American life and landscapes plunder his art.

Born in Nyack, New York, to a hidebound family, Hopper's early exposure back art was nurtured by ruler parents. He studied at loftiness New York School of Brainy under William Merritt Chase standing Robert Henri, where he civilized his signature style, characterized induce its emphasis on solitude, gaslight, and shadow.

Hopper's work, spanning oil paintings, watercolors, and etchings, predominantly explores themes of privacy and isolation within American citified and rural settings.

His overbearing famous painting, Nighthawks (1942), epitomizes his interest in the shrinking, introspective moments of everyday sentience. Despite a slow start, Grounder achieved significant recognition by honesty 1920s, with his work suitable a staple in major Indweller museums. Hopper's technique, marked timorous a composition of form nearby use of light to exist mood, has been influential soupзon the art world and public culture.

His paintings, often buried in the architectural landscapes grip New York or the restful environments of New England, waft a sense of narrative obscurity and emotional resonance, making him a pivotal figure in Denizen Realism. Hopper created subdued pageant out of commonplace subjects superimposed with a poetic meaning, appealing narrative interpretations.

He was honoured for "complete verity" in leadership America he portrayed.

In 1924, Hopper married Josephine Nivison, additionally an artist, who played marvellous crucial role in managing realm career and served as ethics model for many of crown figures. The couple lived calligraphic modest life in New Royalty City, with summers spent break off Cape Cod, which influenced ostentatious of Hopper's later work.

In the face his success, Hopper remained spiffy tidy up private and introspective individual, determined to exploring the subtleties tip off human experience and the Earth landscape. His depiction of glory American scene, with its gravity on isolation and contemplation, corpse a defining aspect of circlet appeal and significance in glory history of American art.

Biography

Early life

Hopper was born in 1882 in Nyack, New York, precise yacht-building center on the Naturalist River north of New Dynasty City.^[1][2] He was one show consideration for two children of a simply well-off family.

His parents, eradicate mostly Dutch ancestry, were Elizabeth Griffiths Smith and Garret Physicist Hopper, a dry-goods merchant.^[3] Allowing not as successful as cap forebears, Garret provided well lead to his two children with burdensome help from his wife's 1 He retired at age forty-nine.^[4] Edward and his sister, Marion, attended both private and general schools.

They were raised train in a strict Baptist home.^[5] Diadem father had a mild person, and the household was immersed in by women: Hopper's mother, nan, sister, and maid.^[6]

His birthplace spreadsheet boyhood home was listed difficulty the National Register of Celebrated Places in 2000. It quite good now operated as the Prince Hopper House Museum & Con Center,^[7] serving as a notforprofit community cultural center featuring exhibitions, workshops, lectures, performances, and easily forgotten events.^[8]

Hopper was a good apprentice in grade school, and saturate the time he was quintuplet his talent with drawing was already apparent.

He readily lost his father's intellectual tendencies take precedence love of French and Native cultures. He also demonstrated realm mother's artistic heritage.^[9] Hopper's parents encouraged his art and reserved him amply supplied with assets, instructional magazines, and illustrated books.

Hopper first began signing present-day dating his drawings at grandeur age of 10. Among excellence earliest of these drawings funding charcoal sketches of geometric shapes, a vase, bowl, cup, station boxes.^[10] The detailed examination warning sign light and shadow that prolonged throughout his career is by now visible in these early works.^[10] By his teens, he was working in pen-and-ink, charcoal, painting, and oil—drawing from nature like chalk and cheese also making political cartoons.^[11] Proclaim 1895, he created his foremost signed oil painting, Rowboat slight Rocky Cove, which he onomatopoeic from a reproduction in The Art Interchange, a popular document for amateur artists.

Hopper's concerning earliest oils, such as Old ice pond at Nyack mushroom his c.1898 painting Ships, hold been identified as copies disregard paintings by artists including Bacteriologist Crane and Edward Moran.^[12][13]

In king early self-portraits, Hopper tended cope with represent himself as skinny, discomfited, and homely.

Though a big and quiet teenager, his consummate sense of humor found relief in his art, sometimes make the addition of depictions of immigrants or advance women dominating men in ridiculous situations. Later in life, filth mostly depicted women as glory figures in his paintings.^[14] Rafter high school (he graduated exotic Nyack High School in 1899),^[15] he carved wooden models pass judgment on sailboats and barges and dreamed of becoming a naval architect,^[16] but after graduation declared wreath intention to pursue a job in art.

Hopper's parents insisted that he study commercial rip open to have a reliable basis of income.^[17] In developing government self-image and individualistic philosophy bank life, Hopper was influenced make wet the writings of Ralph Waldo Emerson. He later said, "I admire him greatly...I read him over and over again."^[18]

Hopper began art studies with a letter course in 1899.

Soon subside transferred to the New Dynasty School of Art and Imitation, the forerunner of Parsons Secondary of Design. There, he stirred for six years with officers including William Merritt Chase, who instructed him in oil painting.^[17] Early on, Hopper modeled queen style after Chase and Land Impressionist masters Édouard Manet post Edgar Degas.^[19] Sketching from breathing models, however, proved challenging bracket somewhat shocking for the guardedly raised Hopper.

Another of diadem teachers, artist Robert Henri, cultured life class. Henri encouraged monarch students to use their unusual to "make a stir pull the world." He also reckless his students, "It isn't nobleness subject that counts but what you feel about it" move "Forget about art and color pictures of what interests complete in life."^[17] In this fashion, Henri influenced Hopper, as be successful as future artists George Bellows and Rockwell Kent.

He pleased them to imbue their outmoded with a modern spirit. Wearying artists in Henri's circle, together with John Sloan, became members tinge "The Eight", also known thanks to the Ashcan School of Earth Art.^[20] Hopper's first surviving make somebody see red painting to hint at wreath use of interiors as on the rocks theme was Solitary Figure epoxy resin a Theater (c.1904).^[21] During ruler student years, he also motley dozens of nudes, still step studies, landscapes, and portraits, as well as self-portraits.^[22]

In 1905, Hopper landed great part-time job with an advert agency, where he created retrieve designs for trade magazines.^[23] Orthopteron came to detest illustration.

Explicit was bound to it exceed economic necessity until the mid-1920s.^[24] He temporarily escaped by manufacture three trips to Europe, harangue centered in Paris, ostensibly ploy study its art scene. Bit fact, he mostly worked by oneself and seemed mostly unaffected give up the new currents in pass.

Later, he said he didn't "remember hearing of Picasso differ all".^[20] He was highly simulated by Rembrandt, particularly his Night Watch, which he said was "the most wonderful thing domination his I have seen; it's past belief in its reality."^[25]

Hopper began painting urban and architectural scenes in a dark ambit.

Then he shifted to probity lighter shades of the Impressionists before returning to the darker palette, with which he was most comfortable. He later uttered, "I got over that mount later things done in Town were more the kind fall foul of things I do now."^[26] Orthopteron spent much of his gaining drawing street and café scenes, and going to the transitory and opera.

Unlike many come within earshot of his contemporaries who imitated probity abstract cubist experiments, Hopper was attracted to realist art. Posterior, he claimed few European influences other than Rembrandt, Goya cope with the French engraver Charles Meryon whose moody Paris scenes Grasshopper imitated.^[27][28]

Years of struggle

After returning overexert his last European trip, Orthopteron rented a studio in Fresh York City, where he struggled to define his own enhance.

Reluctantly, he returned to sample to support himself. Being deft freelancer, Hopper was forced criticism solicit for projects, and esoteric to knock on the doors of magazine and agency patronage to find business.^[29] His canvas languished: "it's hard for have company to decide what I crave to paint.

I go want badly months without finding it at times. It comes slowly."^[30] His guy illustrator Walter Tittle described Hopper's depressed emotional state in guile terms, seeing his friend "suffering...from long periods of unconquerable idleness, sitting for days at uncut time before his easel schedule helpless unhappiness, unable to remember a hand to break depiction spell."^[31]

From February 22 to Go by shanks`s pony 5, 1912, he was star in the exhibition of Greatness Independents, a group of artists at the initiative of Parliamentarian Henri but did not appearance any sales.^[30]

In 1912, Hopper voyage to Gloucester, Massachusetts, to test some inspiration and made fillet first outdoor paintings in America.^[30] He painted Squam Light, dignity first of many lighthouse paintings to come.^[32]

In 1913, at dignity Armory Show, Hopper earned $250 when he sold his prime painting, Sailing (1911), to toggle American businessman Thomas F Vietor, which he had painted alert an earlier self-portrait.^[33] Hopper was thirty-one, and although he hoped his first sale would manipulate to others in short structure, his career would not select on for many more years.^[34] He continued to participate contain group exhibitions at smaller venues, such as the MacDowell Truncheon of New York.^[35] Shortly astern his father's death that equal year, Hopper moved to character 3 Washington Square North housing in the Greenwich Village fall to pieces of Manhattan, where he would live for the rest draw round his life.

The following gathering he received a commission nip in the bud create some movie posters humbling handle publicity for a veil company.^[37] Although he did gather together like the illustration work, Hoppicker was a lifelong devotee emblematic the cinema and the music- hall, both of which he disposed as subjects for his paintings.

Each form influenced his compositional methods.^[38]

At an impasse over fillet oil paintings, in 1915 Grasshopper turned to etching. By 1923 he had produced most past its best his approximately 70 works prosperous this medium, many of city scenes of both Paris gleam New York.^[39][40] He also crumble some posters for the battle effort, as well as immortal with occasional commercial projects.^[41] In the way that he could, Hopper did both outdoor oil paintings on visits to New England, especially fall out the art colonies at Ogunquit, and Monhegan Island.^[42]

During the inauspicious 1920s his etchings began make a distinction receive public recognition.

They explicit some of his later themes, as in Night on leadership El Train (couples in silence), Evening Wind (solitary female), crucial The Catboat (simple nautical scene).^[43] Two notable oil paintings pale this time were New Royalty Interior (1921) and New Dynasty Restaurant (1922).^[44] He also motley two of his many "window" paintings to come: Girl mix with Sewing Machine and Moonlight Interior, both of which show calligraphic figure (clothed or nude) to all intents and purposes a window of an furniture viewed as gazing out ask from the point of keep an eye on from the outside looking in.^[45]

Although these were frustrating years, Machine gained some recognition.

In 1918, Hopper was awarded the U.S. Shipping Board Prize for queen war poster, Smash the Hun. He participated in three exhibitions: in 1917 with the Companionship of Independent Artists, in Jan 1920 (a one-man exhibition cherished the Whitney Studio Club, which was the precursor to justness Whitney Museum), and in 1922 (again with the Whitney Workshop Club).

In 1923, Hopper conventional two awards for his etchings: the Logan Prize from picture Chicago Society of Etchers, abstruse the W. A. Bryan Prize.^[46]

Marriage roost breakthrough

By 1923, Hopper's slow struggle finally produced a breakthrough. Proceed re-encountered Josephine Nivison, an genius and former student of Parliamentarian Henri, during a summer likeness trip in Gloucester, Massachusetts.

They were opposites: she was quick, open, gregarious, sociable, and open, while he was tall, tight-lipped, shy, quiet, introspective, and conservative.^[41] With Jo's encouragement, Hopper detestable to the medium of picture, producing numerous scenes of City. They married a year afterwards with artist Guy Pène fall to bits Bois as their best man.^[3] Nivison once remarked: "Sometimes articulation to Eddie is just 1 dropping a stone in elegant well, except that it doesn't thump when it hits bottom."^[47] She subordinated her career be adjacent to his and shared his cold life style.

The rest bazaar their lives revolved around their spare walk-up apartment in glory city and their summers worry South Truro on Cape Gadoid. She managed his career dispatch his interviews, was his principal model, and was his strength of mind companion.^[47]

With Nivison's help, six admire Hopper's Gloucester watercolors were acknowledged to an exhibit at probity Brooklyn Museum in 1923.

Defer of them, The Mansard Roof, was purchased by the museum for its permanent collection take possession of the sum of $100.^[48] Illustriousness critics generally raved about rulership work; one stated, "What energy, force and directness! Observe what can be done with position homeliest subject."^[48] Hopper sold the whole of each his watercolors at a one-woman show the following year plus finally decided to put test behind him.

The artist difficult demonstrated his ability to lesion his attraction to Parisian architectonics to American urban and countrified architecture. According to Boston Museum of Fine Arts curator Song Troyen, "Hopper really liked rendering way these houses, with their turrets and towers and porches and mansard roofs and embellishment cast wonderful shadows.

Hopper without exception said that his favorite manner was painting sunlight on rectitude side of a house."^[49]

At xli, Hopper received further recognition commandeer his work. He continued cause problems harbor bitterness about his growth, later turning down appearances tube awards.^[47] With his financial rest secured by steady sales, Machine would live a simple, tap down life and continue creating charade in his personal style awaken four more decades.

His Two on the Aisle (1927) wholesale for a personal record $1,500, enabling Hopper to purchase tidy up automobile, which he used hinder make field trips to secluded areas of New England.^[50] Tutor in 1929, he produced Chop Suey and Railroad Sunset. The adjacent year, art patron Stephen Adventurer donated House by the Railroad (1925) to the Museum trip Modern Art, the first spot painting that it acquired form its collection.^[51] Hopper painted coronet last self-portrait in oil crush 1930.

Although Josephine posed give reasons for many of his paintings, she sat for only one unfussy oil portrait by her partner, Jo Painting (1936).^[52]

Hopper fared mend than many other artists textile the Great Depression. His height took a sharp rise be thankful for 1931 when major museums, with the Whitney Museum of Land Art and the Metropolitan Museum of Art, paid thousands bring to an end dollars for his works.

Take steps sold 30 paintings that epoch, including 13 watercolors.^[50] The pursuing year he participated in justness first Whitney Annual, and unquestionable continued to exhibit in all annual at the museum hand over the rest of his life.^[50] In 1933, the Museum have Modern Art gave Hopper dominion first large-scale retrospective.^[53]

In 1930, interpretation Hoppers rented a cottage increase twofold South Truro, on Cape Seedcase.

They returned every summer sue for the rest of their lives, building a summer house all round in 1934.^[54] From there, they would take driving trips gap other areas when Hopper required to search for fresh data to paint. In the summers of 1937 and 1938, ethics couple spent extended sojourns hasty Wagon Wheels Farm in Southernmost Royalton, Vermont, where Hopper stained a series of watercolors in the lead the White River.

These scenes are atypical among Hopper's full-grown works, as most are "pure" landscapes, devoid of architecture check on human figures. First Branch watch the White River (1938), moment in the Museum of Threadlike Arts, Boston, is the best-known of Hopper's Vermont landscapes.^[55]

Hopper was very productive through the Decennium and early 1940s, producing mid many important works New Dynasty Movie (1939), Girlie Show (1941), Nighthawks (1942), Hotel Lobby (1943), and Morning in a City (1944).

During the late Decennary, however, he suffered a term of relative inactivity. He admitted: "I wish I could coating more. I get sick encourage reading and going to say publicly movies."^[56] During the next a handful of decades, his health faltered, elitist he had several prostate surgeries and other medical problems.^[56] On the contrary, in the 1950s and dependable 1960s, he created several complicate major works, including First Bend in half Orchestra (1951); as well monkey Morning Sun and Hotel impervious to a Railroad, both in 1952; and Intermission in 1963.^[57]

In 1966, Hopper was awarded The Prince MacDowell Medal by The Composer Colony for outstanding contributions engender a feeling of American culture.^[58]

Death

Hopper died of spiritual leader causes in his studio obstruct Washington Square in New Royalty City on May 15, 1967.

He was buried two life later in the family estate at Oak Hill Cemetery gather Nyack, New York, his tactless of birth.^[59] His wife deadly ten months later and decay buried with him.

Edward Hopper's wife, Josephine, bequeathed their junction collection of over three figure up pieces to the Whitney Museum.^[60] Arthayer Sanborn, a Baptist line that frequently visited their rural area to care for Edward's sis, Marion, came into possession leverage three hundred Hopper drawings with the addition of paintings.

Art historian Gail Levin has highlighted that whereas prestige Whitney Museum has extensive demonstration of how Josephine distributed their couple's pieces, paintings acquired superior Sanborn lack provenance proving influence family willingly gifted the treasure of pieces Sanborn reported decision in their attic.^[61] The Museum of Modern Art in Novel York, Des Moines Art Feelings, and Art Institute of Metropolis all have significant collections replicate Hopper paintings.

Art

Personality and vision

Always reluctant to discuss himself distinguished his art, Hopper simply spoken, "The whole answer is everywhere on the canvas."^[53] Hopper was stoic and fatalistic—a quiet innerdirected man with a gentle thought of humor and a candid manner. Hopper was someone ragged to an emblematic, anti-narrative symbolism,^[62] who "painted short isolated moments of configuration, saturated with suggestion".^[63] His silent spaces and strange encounters "touch us where awe are most vulnerable",^[64] and possess "a suggestion of melancholy, dump melancholy being enacted".^[65] His hidden of color revealed him orangutan a pure painter^[66] as grace "turned the Puritan into illustriousness purist, in his quiet canvasses where blemishes and blessings balance".^[67] According to critic Lloyd Goodrich, he was "an eminently pick painter, who more than harebrained other was getting more mislay the quality of America go through his canvases".^[68][69]

Conservative in politics focus on social matters (Hopper asserted connote example that "artists' lives ought to be written by people announcement close to them"),^[70] he recognized things as they were promote displayed a lack of high-mindedness.

Cultured and sophisticated, he was well-read, and many of climax paintings show figures reading.^[71] Type was generally good company prosperous unperturbed by silences, though every now and then taciturn, grumpy, or detached. Bankruptcy was always serious about sovereign art and the art brake others, and when asked would return frank opinions.^[72]

Hopper's most businesslike declaration of his philosophy on account of an artist was given embankment a handwritten note, titled "Statement", submitted in 1953 to dignity journal Reality:

Great art levelheaded the outward expression of propose inner life in the master hand, and this inner life longing result in his personal make up of the world.

No insufficiently of skillful invention can supplant the essential element of ability to see. One of the weaknesses attention much abstract painting is loftiness attempt to substitute the inventions of the human intellect instruct a private imaginative conception.

The inner life of a human being being is a vast come first varied realm and does need concern itself alone with stirring arrangements of color, form focus on design.

The term life threadbare in art is something gather together to be held in discredit, for it implies all disturb existence and the province clever art is to react come to it and not to give a wide berth it.

Painting will have be given deal more fully and expel obliquely with life and nature's phenomena before it can afresh become great.^[73]

Though Hopper claimed depart he didn't consciously embed imaginary meaning in his paintings, crystalclear was deeply interested in Analyst and the power of goodness subconscious mind.

He wrote focal 1939: "So much of evermore art is an expression fine the subconscious that it seems to me most of finale the important qualities are slam into there unconsciously, and little pleasant importance by the conscious intellect."^[74]

Methods

Although he is best known used for his oil paintings, Hopper at first achieved recognition for his watercolors and he also produced thickskinned commercially successful etchings.

Additionally, fulfil notebooks contain high-quality pen dispatch pencil sketches, which were not in the least meant for public viewing.

Hopper paid particular attention to geometric design and the careful theme of human figures in necessary balance with their environment. Operate was a slow and neat artist; as he wrote, "It takes a long time pull out an idea to strike.

Abuse I have to think reduce speed it for a long tight. I don't start painting inconclusive I have it all assumed out in my mind. I'm all right when I goal to the easel".^[75] He frequently made preparatory sketches to out of a job out his carefully calculated compositions. He and his wife kept back a detailed ledger of their works noting such items little "sad face of woman unlit", "electric light from ceiling", allow "thighs cooler".^[76]

For New York Movie (1939), Hopper demonstrates his combined preparation with more than 53 sketches of the theater sentiment and the figure of righteousness pensive usherette.^[77]

The effective use healthy light and shadow to set up mood is also central statement of intent Hopper's methods.

Bright sunlight (as an emblem of insight take aim revelation), and the shadows lot casts, also play symbolically wellbuilt roles in Hopper paintings specified as Early Sunday Morning (1930), Summertime (1943), Seven A.M. (1948), and Sun in an Hollow Room (1963). His use stencil light and shadow effects plot been compared to the filming of film noir.^[78]

Although a botanist painter, Hopper's "soft" realism skimpy shapes and details.

He worn saturated color to heighten confront and create mood.

Subjects highest themes

Hopper derived his subject argument from two primary sources: subject, the common features of Inhabitant life (gas stations, motels, restaurants, theaters, railroads, and street scenes) and its inhabitants; and combine, seascapes and rural landscapes.

About his style, Hopper defined myself as "an amalgam of diverse races" and not a participant of any school, particularly interpretation "Ashcan School".^[79] Once Hopper effected his mature style, his blow apart remained consistent and self-contained, bring off spite of the numerous dissolution trends that came and went during his long career.^[79]

Hopper's seascapes fall into three main groups: pure landscapes of rocks, high seas, and beach grass; lighthouses cranium farmhouses; and sailboats.

Sometimes noteworthy combined these elements. Most more than a few these paintings depict strong soothing and fair weather; he showed little interest in snow middle rain scenes, or in disconnected color changes. He painted excellence majority of the pure seascapes in the period between 1916 and 1919 on Monhegan Island.^[80] Hopper's The Long Leg (1935) is a nearly all-blue sailplaning picture with the simplest faux elements, while his Ground Swell (1939) is more complex plus depicts a group of man out for a sail, neat theme reminiscent of Winslow Homer's iconic Breezing Up (1876).^[81]

Urban design and cityscapes also were bigger subjects for Hopper.

He was fascinated with the American town scene, "our native architecture appear its hideous beauty, its amazing roofs, pseudo-gothic, French Mansard, Compound, mongrel or what not, liking eye-searing color or delicate harmonies of faded paint, shouldering reminder another along interminable streets zigzag taper off into swamps knock back dump heaps."^[82]

In 1925, he be in print House by the Railroad.

That classic work depicts an off the beaten track Victorian wood mansion, partly hidden by the raised embankment virtuous a railroad. It marked Hopper's artistic maturity. Lloyd Goodrich ceaseless the work as "one prepare the most poignant and grievous pieces of realism."^[83] The check up is the first of a-one series of stark rural unthinkable urban scenes that uses acute lines and large shapes, pretentious upon by unusual lighting observe capture the lonely mood work out his subjects.

Although critics very last viewers interpret meaning and disposition in these cityscapes, Hopper insisted "I was more interested be glad about the sunlight on the nautical head and on the figures puzzle any symbolism."^[84] As if slate prove the point, his raze painting Sun in an Bare Room (1963) is a ugly study of sunlight.^[85]

Most of Hopper's figure paintings focus on greatness subtle interaction of human beings with their environment—carried out outstrip solo figures, couples, or associations.

His primary emotional themes equalize solitude, loneliness, regret, boredom, gift resignation. He expresses the center in various environments, including authority office, in public places, squeeze apartments, on the road, slip-up on vacation.^[86] As if no problem were creating stills for a-ok movie or tableaux in copperplate play, Hopper positioned his note as if they were captured just before or just make something stand out the climax of a scene.^[87]

Hopper's solitary figures are mostly women—dressed, semi-clad, and nude—often reading tell what to do looking out a window, less important in the workplace.

In blue blood the gentry early 1920s, Hopper painted authority first such images: Girl bully Sewing Machine (1921), New Dynasty Interior (another woman sewing) (1921), and Moonlight Interior (a in the raw getting into bed) (1923). Automat (1927) and Hotel Room (1931), however, are more representative go along with his mature style, emphasizing description solitude more overtly.^[88]

As Hopper pedagogue, Gail Levin, wrote of Hotel Room:

The spare vertical queue diagonal bands of color obtain sharp electric shadows create spick concise and intense drama imprint the night...Combining poignant subject incident with such a powerful cold arrangement, Hopper's composition is unquestionable enough to approach an mock abstract sensibility, yet layered trappings a poetic meaning for authority observer.^[89]

Hopper's Room in New York (1932) and Cape Cod Evening (1939) are prime examples style his "couple" paintings.

In interpretation first, a young couple turn up alienated and uncommunicative—he reading distinction newspaper while she idles wishywashy the piano. The viewer takes on the role of spruce up voyeur, as if looking grow smaller a telescope through the trifocals of the apartment to secret-service agent on the couple's lack make stronger intimacy.

In the latter work of art, an older couple with petite to say to each additional, are playing with their follow, whose own attention is unpopular away from his masters.^[90] Hoppicker takes the couple theme run a more ambitious level not in favour of Excursion into Philosophy (1959). A middle-aged man sits despondently on the edge of uncluttered bed.

Beside him lies cosmic open book and a bit by bit clad woman. A shaft lose light illuminates the floor response front of him. Jo Grasshopper noted in their log volume, "[T]he open book is Philosopher, reread too late".

Levin interprets the painting:

Plato's philosopher, coop search of the real service the true, must turn forsake from this transitory realm limit contemplate the eternal Forms abstruse Ideas.

The pensive man teeny weeny Hopper's painting is positioned in the middle of the lure of the fleshly domain, figured by the ladylove, and the call of ethics higher spiritual domain, represented stomach-turning the ethereal lightfall. The anguish of thinking about this option and its consequences, after measure Plato all night, is anywhere to be seen.

He is paralysed by high-mindedness fervent inner labour of significance melancholic.^[91]

In Office at Night (1940), another "couple" painting, Hopper conceives a psychological puzzle. The characterization shows a man focusing finely tuned his work papers, while neighbourhood his attractive female secretary pulls a file.

Several studies fancy the painting show how Groundball experimented with the positioning portend the two figures, perhaps contest heighten the eroticism and probity tension. Hopper presents the observer with the possibilities that goodness man is either truly bored in the woman's appeal drink that he is working do something to ignore her.

Another compelling aspect of the painting stick to how Hopper employs three make something happen sources,^[90] from a desk mild, through a window and bent light from above. Hopper went on to make several "office" pictures, but no others meet a sensual undercurrent.

The best-known of Hopper's paintings, Nighthawks (1942), is one of his paintings of groups.

It shows disposal sitting at the counter work at an all-night diner. The shapes and diagonals are carefully constructed. The viewpoint is cinematic—from rendering sidewalk, as if the spectator were approaching the restaurant. Nobleness diner's harsh electric light sets it apart from the illlit night outside, enhancing the disposition and subtle emotion.^[92] As anxiety many Hopper paintings, the connections is minimal.

The restaurant pictured was inspired by one elation Greenwich Village. Both Hopper with the addition of his wife posed for rectitude figures, and Jo Hopper gave the painting its title. Illustriousness inspiration for the picture may well have come from Ernest Hemingway's short story "The Killers", which Hopper greatly admired,^[93] or propagate the more philosophical "A Filter, Well-Lighted Place".^[94] The mood have fun the painting has sometimes antediluvian interpreted as an expression panic about wartime anxiety.^[95] In keeping link up with the title of his sketch account, Hopper later said, Nighthawks has more to do with glory possibility of predators in prestige night than with loneliness.^[96]

His in a tick most recognizable painting after Nighthawks is another urban painting, Early Sunday Morning (originally called Seventh Avenue Shops), which shows block empty street scene in rangy side light, with a blaze hydrant and a barber standard as stand-ins for human canvass.

Originally Hopper intended to ash figures in the upstairs windows but left them empty extract heighten the feeling of desolation.^[97]

Hopper's rural New England scenes, much as Gas (1940), are pollex all thumbs butte less meaningful. Gas represents "a different, equally clean, well-lighted cover ...

ke[pt] open for those in need as they cross the night, traveling their mishap miles to go before they sleep."^[98] The work presents pure fusion of several Hopper themes: the solitary figure, the sad of dusk, and the deserted road.^[99]

Hopper's Rooms by the Sea (1951), shows an open sill beginning with a view of influence ocean, without an apparent pecking order or steps and no token of a beach.^[100]

After his scholar years, Hopper's nudes were grow weaker women.

Unlike past artists who painted the female nude prove glorify the female form arena to highlight female eroticism, Hopper's nudes are solitary women who are psychologically exposed.^[101] One intrepid exception is Girlie Show (1941), where a red-headed strip-tease empress strides confidently across a grow to the accompaniment of probity musicians in the pit.

Girlie Show was inspired by Hopper's visit to a burlesque put on an act a few days earlier. Hopper's wife, as usual, posed want badly him for the painting, soar noted in her diary, "Ed beginning a new canvas—a lampoon queen doing a strip tease—and I posing without a clear up on in front of rank stove—nothing but high heels discern a lottery dance pose."^[102]

Hopper's portraits and self-portraits were relatively cowed after his student years.^[103] Orthopteran did produce a commissioned "portrait" of a house, The MacArthurs' Home (1939), where he reliably details the Victorian architecture a few the home of actress Helen Hayes.

She reported later, "I guess I never met precise more misanthropic, grumpy individual difficulty my life." Hopper grumbled all over the project and never anew accepted a commission.^[104] Hopper additionally painted Portrait of Orleans (1950), a "portrait" of the Stance Cod town from its principal street.^[105]

Though very interested in dignity American Civil War and Mathew Brady's battlefield photographs, Hopper obligated only two historical paintings.

Both depicted soldiers on their opening to Gettysburg.^[106] Also rare mid his themes are paintings manifestation action. The best example work at an action painting is Bridle Path (1939), but Hopper's squirm with the proper anatomy succeed the horses may have dispirited him from similar attempts.^[107]

Hopper's finishing oil painting, Two Comedians (1966), painted one year before crown death, focuses on his passion of the theater.

Two Sculptor pantomime actors, one male keep from one female, both dressed suggestion bright white costumes, take their bow in front of unembellished darkened stage. Jo Hopper deeply felt that her husband intended blue blood the gentry figures to suggest they confirm taking their life's last staunch together as husband and wife.^[108]

Hopper's paintings have often been indigenous to by others as having neat as a pin narrative or thematic content zigzag the artist may not scheme intended.

Much meaning can adjust added to a painting stop its title, but the honours of Hopper's paintings were off chosen by others, or were selected by Hopper and diadem wife in a way lose concentration makes it unclear whether they have any real connection communicate the artist's meaning. For sample, Hopper once told an reporter that he was "fond albatross Early Sunday Morning...

but move on wasn't necessarily Sunday. That consultation was tacked on later soak someone else."^[109]

The tendency to pore over thematic or narrative content cross the threshold Hopper's paintings, that Hopper difficult not intended, extended even agree his wife. When Jo Grasshopper commented on the figure tag on Cape Cod Morning "It's out woman looking out to put under somebody's nose if the weather's good sufficiency to hang out her wash," Hopper retorted, "Did I inspection that?

You're making it Soprano Rockwell. From my point jump at view she's just looking imagine the window."^[110] Another example model the same phenomenon is taped in a 1948 article envelop Time:

Hopper's Summer Evening, fastidious young couple talking in depiction harsh light of a lodge porch, is inescapably romantic, nevertheless Hopper was hurt by make sure of critic's suggestion that it would do for an illustration divert "any woman's magazine." Hopper challenging the painting in the repossess of his head "for 20 years and I never think it over of putting the figures make until I actually started blare summer.

Why any art jumped-up would tear the picture disfigure. The figures were not what interested me; it was grandeur light streaming down, and depiction night all around."^[111]

Place in Denizen art

In focusing primarily on console moments, very rarely showing verification, Hopper employed a form fairhaired realism adopted by another respected American realist, Andrew Wyeth, nevertheless Hopper's technique was completely iciness from Wyeth's hyper-detailed style.^[53] Conduct yourself league with some of culminate contemporaries, Hopper shared his city sensibility with John Sloan cranium George Bellows but avoided their overt action and violence.

Turn Joseph Stella and Georgia Painter glamorized the monumental structures pressure the city, Hopper reduced them to everyday geometrics and sand depicted the pulse of decency city as desolate and wick rather than "elegant or seductive".^[112]

Charles Burchfield, whom Hopper admired challenging to whom he was compared, said of Hopper, "he achieves such a complete verity go off you can read into surmount interpretations of houses and conceptions of New York life common man human implications you wish."^[113] Unquestionable also attributed Hopper's success cork his "bold individualism.

... Contain him we have regained desert sturdy American independence which Clockmaker Eakins gave us, but which for a time was lost."^[114] Hopper considered this a elate compliment since he considered Eakins the greatest American painter.^[115]

Hopper man of letters Deborah Lyons writes, "Our deteriorate moments of revelation are commonly mirrored, transcendent, in his pierce.

Once seen, Hopper's interpretations endure in our consciousness in bicycle with our own experience. Amazement forever see a certain initiative of house as a Hoppicker house, invested perhaps with elegant mystery that Hopper implanted squash up our own vision." Hopper's paintings highlight the seemingly mundane extract typical scenes in our daily life and give them nudge for epiphany.

In this go rancid Hopper's art takes the brave American landscape and lonely empty talk stations and creates within them a sense of beautiful anticipation.^[116]

Although compared to his contemporary Linksman Rockwell in terms of commercial matter, Hopper did not passion the comparison. Hopper considered in the flesh more subtle, less illustrative, increase in intensity certainly not sentimental.

Hopper very rejected comparisons with Grant Flora and Thomas Hart Benton stating "I think the American Place painters caricatured America. I every wanted to do myself."^[117]

Influence

Hopper's command on the art world essential pop culture is undeniable; repute § In popular culture for abundant examples.

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Though dirt had no formal students, spend time at artists have cited him introduce an influence, including Willem action Kooning, Jim Dine, and Rub Rothko.^[79] An illustration of Hopper's influence is Rothko's early business Composition I (c. 1931), which is a direct paraphrase declining Hopper's Chop Suey.^[118]

Hopper's cinematic compositions and dramatic use of bright and dark have made him a favorite among filmmakers.

Aim for example, House by the Railroad is reported to have weightily laboriously influenced the iconic house joy the Alfred Hitchcock film Psycho.^[119] The same painting has additionally been cited as being intimation influence on the home hoax the Terrence Malick film Days of Heaven. The 1981 membrane Pennies from Heaven includes pure tableau vivant of Nighthawks, climb on the lead actors in depiction places of the diners.

Teutonic director Wim Wenders also cites Hopper influence.^[79] His 1997 album The End of Violence as well incorporates a tableau vivant manipulate Nighthawks, recreated by actors. Illustrious surrealist horror film director Dario Argento went so far rightfully to recreate the diner scold the patrons in Nighthawks pass for part of a set execute his 1976 film Deep Red (aka Profondo Rosso).

Ridley Explorer has cited the same work of art as a visual inspiration in behalf of Blade Runner. To establish magnanimity lighting of scenes in representation 2002 film Road to Perdition, director Sam Mendes drew devour the paintings of Hopper despite the fact that a source of inspiration, expressly New York Movie.^[120]

Homages to Nighthawks featuring cartoon characters or famed pop culture icons such orang-utan James Dean and Marilyn Town are often found in bill stores and gift shops.

Primacy cable television channel Turner Essential Movies sometimes runs animated clips based on Hopper paintings former to airing its films. Euphonious influences include singer-songwriter Tom Waits's 1975 live-in-the-studio album titled Nighthawks at the Diner, after justness painting. In 1993, Madonna was inspired sufficiently by Hopper's 1941 painting Girlie Show that she named her world tour care for it and incorporated many surrounding the theatrical elements and disposition of the painting into authority show.

In 2004, British musician John Squire (formerly of Decency Stone Roses) released a construct album based on Hopper's bore entitled Marshall's House. Each at a bargain price a fuss on the album is divine by, and shares its give a call with, a painting by Grasshopper. Canadian rock group The Weakerthans released their album Reunion Take shape in 2007 featuring two songs inspired by and named equate Hopper paintings, "Sun in barney Empty Room", and "Night Windows", and have also referenced him in songs such as "Hospital Vespers".

Hopper's Compartment C, Motor 293 inspired Polish composer Paweł Szymański's Compartment 2, Car 7 for violin, viola, cello impressive vibraphone (2003), as well similarly Hubert-Félix Thiéfaine's song Compartiment Apothegm Voiture 293 Edward Hopper 1938 (2011). Hopper's work has upset multiple recordings by British strip Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Eyeless.

Early Sunday Morning was say publicly inspiration for the sleeve good deal Crush (1985).^{[citation needed]} The exact band's 2013 single "Night Café" was influenced by Nighthawks existing mentions Hopper by name. Figure of his paintings are referenced in the lyrics.^[121]

In poetry, abundant poems have been inspired incite Hopper's paintings, typically as intense descriptions and dramatizations; this brand is known as ekphrasis.

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In attachment to numerous individual poems emotional by Hopper, several poets maintain written collections based on Hopper's paintings. The French poet Claude Esteban wrote a collection topple prose poems, Soleil dans disorder pièce vide (Sun in harangue Empty room, 1991), based removal forty-seven Hopper paintings from amidst 1921 and 1963, ending interview Sun in an Empty room (1963), hence the title.^[122] Goodness poems each dramatized a Machine painting, imagining a story lack of restraint the scene; the book won the Prix France Culture award in 1991.

Eight of rectitude poems – Ground Swell, Girl at Sewing Machine, Compartment Catch-phrase, Car 293, Nighthawks, South Carolina Morning, House by the Railroad, People in the Sun, elitist Roofs of Washington Square – were subsequently set to medicine by composer Graciane Finzi, meticulous recorded with reading by significance singer Natalie Dessay on an extra album Portraits of America (2016), where they were supplemented unreceptive selecting ten additional Hopper paintings, and songs from the Earth songbook to go with them.^[123] Similarly, the Spanish poet Ernest Farrés [ca] wrote a collection nigh on fifty-one poems in Catalan, slipup the name Edward Hopper (2006, English translation 2010 by Painter Venuti), and James Hoggard wrote Triangles of Light: The Prince Hopper Poems (Wings Press, 2009).

A collection by various poets was organized in The Chime of Solitude: A Tribute statement of intent Edward Hopper 1995 (editor Gail Levin). Individual poems include Poet Vazakas (1957) and John Pal (1985) inspired by Early Sympathetic Morning, and Mary Leader elysian by Girl at Sewing Machine.

Exhibitions

In 1980, the show Edward Hopper: The Art and blue blood the gentry Artist opened at the Discoverer Museum of American Art leading visited London, Düsseldorf, and Amsterdam, as well as San Francisco and Chicago.

For the principal time ever, this show suave Hopper's oil paintings together add-on preparatory studies for those totality. This was the beginning forfeited Hopper's popularity in Europe champion his large worldwide reputation.^{[citation needed]}

In 2004, a large selection elect Hopper's paintings toured Europe, catastrophe Museum Ludwig in Cologne, Frg, and the Tate Modern bind London.

The Tate exhibition became the second most popular respect the gallery's history, with 420,000 visitors in the three months it was open.

In 2007, an exhibition focused on honourableness period of Hopper's greatest achievements—from about 1925 to mid-century—and was presented at the Museum order Fine Arts, Boston. The show off comprised fifty oil paintings, xxx watercolors, and twelve prints, together with the favorites Nighthawks, Chop Suey, and Lighthouse and Buildings.

Blue blood the gentry exhibition was organized by rectitude Museum of Fine Arts, Beantown, the National Gallery of Agile, Washington, and the Art of Chicago and sponsored because of the global management consulting put across Booz Allen Hamilton.

In 2010, the Fondation de l'Hermitage museum in Lausanne, Switzerland, held highrise exhibition that covered Hopper's broad career, with works drawn by from the Whitney Museum guarantee New York City.

It aim paintings, watercolors, etchings, cartoons, posters, as well as some bank the preparatory studies for hand-picked paintings. The exhibition had earlier been seen in Milan challenging Rome. In 2011, The Inventor Museum of American Art spoken for an exhibition called Edward Orthopteron and His Times.

In 2012, an exhibition opened at birth Grand Palais in Paris dump sought to shed light self-importance the complexity of his masterpieces, which is an indication noise the richness of Hopper's factory. It was divided chronologically collide with two main parts: the lid section covered Hopper's formative era (1900–1924), comparing his work reconcile with that of his contemporaries highest art he saw in Town, which may have influenced him.

The second section looked trite the art of his fully fledged years, from the first paintings emblematic of his personal variety, such as House by magnanimity Railroad (1924), to his forename works.

In 2020, Fondation Beyeler held an exhibition displaying Hopper's art. The exhibition focused disinter Hopper's "iconic representations of honesty infinite expanse of American landscapes and cityscapes".^[124] This aspect has rarely been referred to budget exhibitions, yet it is clever key ingredient to understanding Hopper's work.

From 2022 to 2023, his work was featured tear the Whitney Museum in Fresh York City, in an traveling fair was entitled, "Edward Hopper's Pristine York".^[125]

Art market

Works by Hopper seldom appear on the market. Depiction artist was not prolific, trade just 366 canvases; during magnanimity 1950s, when he was contain his 70s, he produced around five paintings a year.

Hopper's longtime dealer, Frank Rehn, who gave the artist his rule solo show in 1924, advertise Hotel Window (1956) to amasser Olga Knoepke for $7,000 (equivalent to $75,938 in 2023) in 1957. In 1999, the Forbes Piece sold it to actor Steve Martin privately for around $10 million.^[126] In 2006, Martin sold evenly for $26.89 million at Sotheby's Latest York, an auction record foothold the artist.^[127]

In 2013, the University Academy of the Fine Terrace in Philadelphia put Hopper's East Wind Over Weehawken (1934) snatch for sale, hoping to hoard the $22–$28 million at which influence painting is valued,^[128] to corrupt a fund to acquire "contemporary art" that would appreciate show value.^[129] It is a organism scene rendered in dark, shameless tones depicting the gabled semidetached at 1001 Boulevard East dilemma the corner of 49th Roadway in Weehawken, New Jersey, be first is considered one of Hopper's best works.^[130] It was plagiaristic directly from the dealer treatment the artist's paintings in 1952, fifteen years before the transience bloodshed of the painter, at natty very low price.

The trade sold for a record-breaking $36 million at Christie's in New York,^[129] to an anonymous telephone bidder.

In 2018, after the pull off of art collector Barney Capital. Ebsworth and subsequent auction uphold many of the pieces immigrant his collection, Chop Suey (1929) was sold for $92 million, apposite the most expensive of Hopper's work ever bought at auction.^[131][132]

In popular culture

In addition to coronet influence (see § Influence), Hopper deference frequently referenced in popular the populace.

In 1981, Hopper's Silence, dexterous documentary by Brian O'Doherty arrive d enter a occur by the Whitney Museum appreciate American Art, was shown take up the New York Film Holiday at Alice Tully Hall.^[133]

Austrian bumptious Gustav Deutsch created the 2013 film Shirley – Visions nucleus Reality based on 13 grapple Edward Hopper's paintings.^[134][135]

Other works household on or inspired by Hopper's paintings include Tom Waits's 1975 album Nighthawks at the Diner, and a 2012 series duplicate photographs by Gail Albert Halaban.^[135][136]

In the book (1985, 1998) weather traveling exhibition called Hopper's Places, Gail Levin located and photographed the sites for many suffer defeat Hopper's paintings.

In her 1985 review of a related fuss organized by Levin, Vivien Raynor wrote in the New Dynasty Times: "Miss Levin's deductions hurtle invariably enlightening, as when she infers that Hopper's tendency hit upon elongate structures was a image of his own great height."^[137]

New wave band Orchestral Manoeuvres valve the Dark's 1985 album Crush features artwork inspired by a handful Hopper paintings, including Early Healthy Morning, Nighthawks and Room wear New York.^[138] The band's 2013 single "Night Cafe" was faked by Nighthawks and mentions Orthopteron by name.

Seven of top paintings are referenced in honesty lyrics.^[121]

The New York City Oeuvre staged the East Coast open of Stewart Wallace's "Hopper's Wife" – a 1997 chamber theater about an imagined marriage mid Edward Hopper and the chat columnistHedda Hopper, at Harlem Level in 2016.^[139]

Irish novelist, Christine Dwyer Hickey, published a novel, The Narrow Land, in 2019 minute which Edward and Jo Machine were central characters.^[140]

Paul Weller facade a song named 'Hopper' heap his 2017 album A Brutal Revolution.^[141]

Selected works

Main article: List clamour works by Edward Hopper

Notes