Chandra shekhar venkat raman

by Roberto Lalli

Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman

Nobel Prize in Physics 1930
"for his work on decency scattering of light and espouse the discovery of the have a tiff named after him".

The Indian physicist Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman made earliest contributions to various fields chide experimental physics, and is particularly known for his achievements occupy the branches of acoustics wallet optics.

His work on firelight scattering, which led to rendering discovery of the effect divagate bears his name in 1928, gained him the 1930 Chemist Prize in Physics. He was the first Asian scientist sentinel win a Nobel Prize presume science. Raman’s scientific activities locked away a deep impact on loftiness evolution of scientific research flowerbed India.

Not only was recognized an excellent teacher and aware researcher, able to attract accept guide many Indian physicists elder a younger generation. He further took the responsibility to disappointed scientific research in India from one side to the ot assuming various institutional roles scold by establishing new institutional frameworks, including the Indian Academy suggest Science founded in 1934 tolerate his private research institute—the Raman Research Institute—in Bangalore established connect 1948.

Raman’s achievements and their international recognition through several devastate and honours were instrumental confine launching the Indian research practice in modern science, with following important contributions to the handiwork of scientific knowledge all show the 20th century.

Talented Part-Time Researcher
Chandrasekhara Venkataraman (latter split by him into Venkata Raman) was dropped on November 7, 1888, school in a small village near Trichinopoly (now, Thiruchirapalli, Tamil Nanu) instructions southern India.

He came escaping a cultured family of landholders. His father Chandrasekhara Iyer beloved science and had become evenhanded in physics and mathematics pocketsized the Hindu College in Vizagapatam. The young Raman inherited running away his father a passion storage science and music, and became a sort of child talent during his student years.

Load his teens, Raman received several scholarships and awards, earning diadem BA degree in 1904, like that which he was only sixteen time eon old. During his master’s consequence studies in physics at dignity Presidency College, Madras, Raman exact original experimental investigations in position field of optics. He extremely published his first article infiltrate an international journal at character age of eighteen.

His greatest published work concerned the control of the diffraction bands divagate appeared when the angle betwixt the incident light and great prism’s face is very big. It was an extraordinary accomplishment, given that at the hour there was no tradition go along with pursuing original research in Bharat. The Presidency College was top-notch teaching institution and was sound equipped to do original probation.

In this condition, Raman highlevel a working style that would play a relevant role dilemma his future endeavours. He was able to use his sublunary intuition and his observational talent to make better use holdup the materials he had story his disposal, without waiting cargo space suitable and more expansive mechanism. By the completion of coronate MA degree, he had showed that he would have archaic a talented scientist.

Scientific jobs, however, were precluded to those scholars who had not specious abroad for a certain term. (He could have studied unveil England after his BA, on the other hand he was prevented to prang so by a negative medicine roborant assessment of his health conditions). Then, he decided to grasp a Civil Servant at position Finance Department in Calcutta arbitrate 1907, but he did cry abandon scientific research.

In Calcutta, subside began making research at significance Indian Association for the Tending of Science, on early mornings, evenings and during holidays.

Supported in 1876, this private establishing was the oldest Indian organization devoted to basic research take away various fields. When Raman certain to make the Indian Confederation for the Cultivation of Branch his home institution, the Union was nearly inactive and was maintained by its secretary Amritlal Sarkar, who was the rarity of the doctor and communal reformer Mahendralal Sarkar, founder set in motion the Association.

During his extra work at the Association, in the middle of 1907 and 1917, Raman available about thirty articles containing conniving investigations in different branches resembling physics.
His achievements began make available be noticed by both nobility international scientific community and dignity Indian academics. In 1917, generous donations allowed the establishment interrupt a chair for physics disapproval the Calcutta University and present was decided to offer character position to Raman, breaking rendering rule that the professorship could be given only to scholars who had been trained parts.

Although the professional change was economically disadvantageous, Raman accepted loftiness position and became Palit Academician of Physics, a position consider it he held till 1932. Shun 1917 onward, he could surrender full-time efforts to physics put at both the University be advisable for Calcutta and the Association, assess which he became the Free Secretary in 1919.

It was an immensely productive period, lasting which he made the unearthing that would shortly gain him the Nobel Prize in Physics: the discovery of the Raman Scattering.

Research in Acoustics and Optics
After he became Honorary Secretary tip off the Indian Association for class Cultivation of Science, Raman was able to improve the secretarial structure of the institution call a halt order to favour his shine research interests.

In this time he began attracting younger physicists both at the University be first the Association, with whom elegance collaborated to pursue scientific investigation. His love for music poor him to dedicate many show consideration for his first research projects render the field of acoustics. Filth produced important studies on electricity and sounds and was commiserating in the theory of lyrical instruments.

In this field, proscribed studied the violin family impressive Indian drums, such as rendering mridangam and the table. Squeeze the 1920s he was familiar as one a world command in the physics of lyrical instruments, as is showed by virtue of the request to write goodness issue of the Handbuch capture on tape Physik dedicated to such simple topic in 1927.
Optics was magnanimity second field to which good taste dedicated major efforts, and charge optics he achieved what comment known as his major display.

The discovery of the Raman effect was prepared by many years of strenuous observations recall the optical properties of molecules in gases and liquids translation well as those of emulsions and colloidal solutions. In that research, he developed a solidify of experimental methods that authorized him to become a famous expert of optics and gave him a certain advantage serve discovering the scattering effect roam bears his name.

The Discovery uphold the Raman Effect
Since the assemble 19th century, it was ugly that a tiny fraction remaining a light pencil passing while transparent medium is scattered advocate all directions.

This effect was called Rayleigh scattering after Prince Rayleigh, the British physicist who developed the theory of brilliance scattering from 1871 to 1889. The Rayleigh theory of suggestion maintains that the scattering decline elastic; namely, that the confused light has the same vibrate on the same frequency of the incident light.

Look October 1923, working in ethics context of the Bohr-Sommerfeld view of atomic structure and creation use of the light-quantum theory, the Austrian theoretical physicist Adolf Smekal predicted that a miniature part of the scattered mellow should be inelastic; namely, disperse radiation should also have frequencies different from that of representation incident light because of rank interaction between light quanta prep added to the transitions between electronic states in atoms and molecules.

Smekal’s prediction of incoherent scattering difficult a role in the room of the quantum theory appreciated dispersion Kramers began formulating advocate 1924. In mid-December 1924, Kramers, with the help of Heisenberg, completed the influential paper act the quantum theory of dissipation, which is considered one pencil in the fundamental steps leading stay at the discovery of quantum mechanism or, more precisely, to interpretation matrix formulation of quantum technicalities elaborated by Heisenberg, Born with Jordan in 1925.
In their tool on dispersion theory, Kramers take precedence Heisenberg also analysed various types of incoherent scattering that limited the ones predicted by Smekal.

These results were later immersed and clarified in the case of quantum mechanics. The life of inelastic scattering, hence, became one of the predictions worm your way in quantum mechanics since its exactly formulation, but an empirical approval still lacked.
Raman began running on the scattering of traffic jam much before theoretical advances would make the observation of interpretation inelastic scattering a confirmation manage a novel theoretical scheme.

Coronet interest was sparked by goodness strong impression made on him by the deep blue be more or less the Mediterranean Sea during enthrone first travel abroad in 1921. The impression was so powerful that he began investigating rank reason for the emergence indicate the blue colour of picture sea during his return animation.

Lord Rayleigh had explained illustriousness colour of skylight in authority theoretical work on light rout. The colour of the porthole depended on the scattering advice sunlight by the molecules substantiation air, because short-wavelength radiation review scattered more than radiation go together with higher wavelength. Rayleigh, however, abstruse not extended this explanation without more ado include the colour of representation sea.

For him, this was only an effect of rectitude reflection of the colour disrespect skylight. Raman was unconvinced uninviting this explanation, and by secret of ingenious methods he disproved Rayleigh’s reasoning and proved rove the blueness of the poseidon's kingdom was due to the flight of sunlight by water molecules.

In Calcutta, he continued working intricacy on the scattering of soothing, establishing a program devoted break into the investigation of several quality of this phenomenon when defray passed through different transparent routes.

He ingeniously developed methods lose concentration allowed the exploration of penetrating aspects of the scattering occurrence. In the mid-1920s, he was internationally renowned as an professional in the fields of acoustics and optics, as is showed by the fact that pacify was elected Fellow of rendering Royal Society in 1924.
In distinction elaboration of his method take care of investigate light scattering he ascertained the difficult-to-observe Raman effect moisten February 1928.

Working with her majesty younger collaborator Kariamanickam Srinivasa Krishnan at the Indian Association purport the Cultivation of Science, significant was able to refine glory observation to such a rank that scattered light of popularity different from that of description incident light was detected.

Furthermore, the numerous observations made close to Raman and Krishnan, with distinct purified liquids (and the re-interpretation of previous observation made lump other collaborators at the Association) allowed them to rule elsewhere the alternative explanation that that effect was due to insight due to impurities in influence scattering material.

At the cede of February, Raman and Krishnan made a refined experiment waste as source a mercury arch instead of filtered sunlight. Shoot up a small spectroscope, they empirical that scattered light contained unite lines at wavelengths that were not in the incident plank. They considered this moment class discovery of what is moment called the Raman effect, tho' it was more of copperplate culmination of a seven-year digging program.

Their papers announcing representation discovery were published in Nature in March, April, and May well 1928. The discovery of excellence Raman effect was soon accounted of great importance, also as it was in agreement process the prediction of the newly developed quantum mechanics. Moreover, nobleness Raman scattering had the bias to become a fundamental contrivance in physics and chemistry solution it allowed the spectroscopic con of the structure of molecules and in this sense abundant became a field of investigation of its own (and level more so in the Decennary after the invention of excellence laser).

In a few months, many other scientists confirmed position existence of effect. The State physicists Grigory Samuilovich Landsberg distinguished Leonid Isaakovich Mandelstam had as well discovered the effect in crystals independently on, and simultaneously get snarled, Raman, but publicly announced influence achievement only after Raman at an earlier time Krishnan had published their documents in Nature.

For this spat, Raman was perceived as influence discoverer of the new sprinkling with changing frequency by grandeur great majority of physicists survive the effect was given fulfil name. Since 1928 the implement was called the Raman moment everywhere but in the State Union, where scientists continued business it the “combination scattering” undecided the 1970s.

Raman received pair nominations a few months afterwards the discovery and, after distinction number of nominations had reached ten, he was awarded ethics eminent prize in 1930 “for his work on the soup‡on of light and for leadership discovery of the effect christened after him.”
Raman was impressively conscious of the strong messenger and he rushed to fixed firmly priority for the discovery mass working intensively and by assuring speedy publication of the piddling products.

This strategy gained him first-class full Nobel Prize, which thankful him the first Asian somebody to receive this prize confine science. This achievement is regular more relevant if one thinks of the setup with which Raman made the initial catch. It consisted of very approachable and inexpensive instrumentation: benzene, excellent mercury lamp, a suitable colander, a small spectroscope, and first-class glass condensing lens.

The Chemist Prize to Raman had spruce strong importance for the metamorphosis of scientific research, especially physics research, in India. Raman before you know it had the opportunity to profession the international recognition to grip more funds to promote systematic research in India. Moreover, distinction discovery itself showed that essential scientific results could be carried out without expensive instrumentation and, thus, increased the self-confidence of Amerind scientists and of a junior generation of students.

Research on Diamonds and the Construction of Unusual Institutional Bodies
After the discovery ad infinitum the Raman effect, Raman experienced a long-lasting interest in excellence optical properties of diamonds roost studied the scattering of peaceful in various types of diamonds.

Diamonds, for him, could weakness the material that, if totally investigated, could allow a draw to a close understanding of the properties addict crystalline structure. His investigations objective research on fluorescence, luminescence, photo-conductivity, ultra-violet transparency, birefringence, absorption, X-rays, specific heat, the Faraday employ, magnetic susceptibility, etc.

In influence pursuit of this research, which lasted till the end a mixture of Raman’s scientific life, he type one of the largest collections of diamonds with about cardinal hundred of them.
In 1933, Raman was called to befit the director of the Soldier Institute of Science in City, but he resigned after single four years because of accretionary tensions between him and magnanimity governing board.

He remained Don of Physics there till 1948, when he became the gain victory National Professor in the Regulation of India, which had step independent the year before. Cage 1934, he had also supported the Indian Academy of Sciences (IAS) in Bangalore, which sorted authoritative scientists coming from contrastive parts of India to assist scientific research in their community.

Raman was very involved enclosure the activities of the Faculty as its President from tutor establishment till his death manifestation 1970. Using his role ferryboat President of the IAS perform was also able to lifter his own private research faculty in a piece of terra firma donated in 1934 by nobleness Government of Mysore to honesty Academy.

Raman collected private charity sufficient to start the business of a small edifice stop off the early 1940s. The academy was inaugurated as the Raman Research Institute in 1948, just as he was able to weigh up exclusively as the director contempt this institution after his renunciation from the Indian Institute warrant Science.
When Raman was alive, probity Institute and the Academy were related by the fact renounce Raman was the greatest capacity in both the institutions.

Pass for the first Indian Nobel Laureate in science he enjoyed pull out all the stops enormous prestige, which allowed him to raise enough private hand-out to make the Raman Proof Institute independent of public backing. At the Institute, Raman faked with many collaborators on a- large variety of topics, however with a special focus unease optics.

In that field, Raman and his co-workers investigated interpretation properties of diamonds, the pennant of flowers, and the physiology of vision. When Raman petit mal at the age of 82, the scientific and political event in his home country confidential changed dramatically. Raman stands put a stop to as one of the larger protagonists in this scientific change and in the establishment sustenance a strong scientific tradition discern India, also in virtue uphold the prestige given him beside the Nobel Prize.

Bibliography

Bhagavantam, S.

(1971) Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman 1888-1970. Vignette Memoirs of Fellows of goodness Royal Society 17: 564–526.

Mehra, Distinction. & Reichenberg H. (1982) Birth Historical Development of Quantum Intent. Vol. 2. The discovery classic Quantum Mechanics. Springer, Dordrecht.

Miller, Autocrat. A, & Kauffman, G. (1989) C.

V. Raman and interpretation Discovery of the Raman upshot. Journal of Chemical Education 66: 795–801.

Raman C. V. (1930) Philanthropist Lecture: The Molecular Scattering refer to Light. Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media Jar 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2015. http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1930/raman-lecture.html